Lymphatics and Immune Systems KuraCloud Q's

Question 1

What is the name of the fluid that is transported in lymphatic vessels?

Answer 1

lymph

Question 2

What are the characteristics of lymph?

Answer 2

• fluid that resembles plasma
• contains lymphoid cells
• fluid that is transported towards the heart

Question 3

What is the direction of fluid movement between arterioles, venules, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and tissues.

Answer 3

Fluid moves from arterioles to blood capillaries and then into the tissues. The blood capillaries deliver more fluid to the tissues than they can carry away via the venules. The excess fluid in tissues returns to the bloodstream through lymphatic vessels.

Question 4

Where does lymph enter the circulation (blood vessels)?

Answer 4

subclavian veins

Question 5

What are the four components that make up the lymphatic system?

Answer 5

Lymph (a fluid that resembles plasma)
Lymphatic vessels (begin in the peripheral tissues and connect to veins)
Lymphoid tissues and organs (scattered throughout the body)
Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and some phagocytes and other cells)

Question 6

The term ‘lymphoid cells’ describes cells that are found in lymphoid tissues and cells that support these tissues. Lymphoid cells include lymphocytes and phagocytes. What are the three types of lymphocytes?

Answer 6

NK (natural killer) cells, T cells, and B cells

Question 7

What cells are phagocytes?

Answer 7

macrophages

neutrophils

Question 8

What term describes a substance that is capable of inducing an immune response?

Answer 8

antigen

Question 9

What term describes the body’s reaction to infectious agents and other abnormal substances?

Answer 9

immune response

Question 10

What term describes a disease-causing organism?

Answer 10

pathogen

Question 11

What term describes the body’s ability to resist infection and disease?

Answer 11

immunity

Question 12

What are the names of the two types of immunity?

Answer 12

• innate (nonspecific) immunity

- adaptive (specific) immunity

Question 13

what describes innate (nonspecific) immunity?

Answer 13

• born with it
• first line of defence
• responds to all foreign antigens
• involves physical barriers

Question 14

Name the 7 components that make up an innate (nonspecific) immune response.

Answer 14

physical barriers
fever
inflammation
complement
phagocytes
immune surveillance
interferons

Question 15

Which type of innate (nonspecific) immunity keeps hazardous organisms and materials outside of the body?

Answer 15

physical barriers (e.g. skin and mucous membranes)

Question 16

what describes the function of fever?

Answer 16

• speeds up the rate of chemical reactions/metabolism

- inhibits viruses and bacteria

Question 17

Name two phagocytes that play a role in innate (nonspecific) immunity?

Answer 17

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 18

Immune surveillance involves continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues by which type of cell?

Answer 18

NK (natural killer) cells

Question 19

Name a type of cell that releases perforin and describe how perforin destroys abnormal cells.

Answer 19

NK (natural killer) cells release perforin. Perforin creates pores in the plasma membrane of abnormal cells, preventing the abnormal cell from maintaining homeostasis.

Question 20

What is the name of a small protein that is released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and by our tissue cells that are infected with viruses?

Answer 20

interferons

Question 21

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Answer 21

• temporarily repair injury
• prevent additional pathogens from entering wound
• slow spread of pathogens away from the injury site
• mobilise local, regional, and systemic defences to overcome pathogens and facilitate repair

Question 22

What is the name of the protein that is found in the plasma part of blood and helps to kill pathogens and enhance phagocytosis and inflammation?

Answer 22

complement

Question 23

Adaptive (specific) immunity develops after birth as a result of exposure to specific antigens. true or false?

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Adaptive (specific) immunity protects the body against further attacks by the same type of disease-causing pathogen. true or false?

Answer 24

true

Question 25

What are the four general characteristics of adaptive (specific) immunity?

Answer 25

1. specificity (a specific antigen activates a specific immune response)
2. versatility (there is a large diversity of T and B cells in the body which means that we can respond to a large range of antigens)
3. tolerance (immune system does not respond to all antigens, e.g. it ‘tolerates’ (does not target) antigens on healthy cells)
4. memory (memory T and B cells can launch a stronger and faster response to a previously encountered antigen)

Question 26

Adaptive (specific) immunity primarily involves which two types of cells?

Answer 26

T and B cells

Question 27

Name the two types of adaptive (specific) immunity and list the type of threat/hazard that they defend the body against.

Answer 27

Cell-mediated immunity: defends the body against abnormal cells and cells with internal pathogens (e.g. viruses)
Antibody-mediated immunity: defends the body against antigens and pathogens in body fluids

Question 28

B cells play an important role in adaptive (specific) immunity. B cells differentiate into _____________ which produce and secrete _______________ .

Answer 28

Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies

Question 29

What is an antibody?

Answer 29

A protein produced by plasma cells that binds to a specific antigen and promotes its destruction or removal from the body

Question 30

antibody-mediated immunity also stimulates cell-mediated immunity to improve the outcome. What type of cell links the actions of antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 30

Active Helper T cells

Question 31

The primary response to an antigen is the immune response that occurs when a particular antigen is encountered for the first time. The secondary response is a more extensive and prolonged immune response that occurs if an antigen appears again. The secondary response is due to the presence of which type of cell?

Answer 31

memory T and B cells