Lymphatics and Immune Systems KuraCloud Q's Flashcards
What is the name of the fluid that is transported in lymphatic vessels?
lymph
What are the characteristics of lymph?
- fluid that resembles plasma
- contains lymphoid cells
- fluid that is transported towards the heart
What is the direction of fluid movement between arterioles, venules, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and tissues.
Fluid moves from arterioles to blood capillaries and then into the tissues. The blood capillaries deliver more fluid to the tissues than they can carry away via the venules. The excess fluid in tissues returns to the bloodstream through lymphatic vessels.
Where does lymph enter the circulation (blood vessels)?
subclavian veins
What are the four components that make up the lymphatic system?
Lymph (a fluid that resembles plasma)
Lymphatic vessels (begin in the peripheral tissues and connect to veins)
Lymphoid tissues and organs (scattered throughout the body)
Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and some phagocytes and other cells)
The term ‘lymphoid cells’ describes cells that are found in lymphoid tissues and cells that support these tissues. Lymphoid cells include lymphocytes and phagocytes. What are the three types of lymphocytes?
NK (natural killer) cells, T cells, and B cells
What cells are phagocytes?
macrophages
neutrophils
What term describes a substance that is capable of inducing an immune response?
antigen
What term describes the body’s reaction to infectious agents and other abnormal substances?
immune response
What term describes a disease-causing organism?
pathogen
What term describes the body’s ability to resist infection and disease?
immunity
What are the names of the two types of immunity?
- innate (nonspecific) immunity
- adaptive (specific) immunity
what describes innate (nonspecific) immunity?
- born with it
- first line of defence
- responds to all foreign antigens
- involves physical barriers
Name the 7 components that make up an innate (nonspecific) immune response.
physical barriers fever inflammation complement phagocytes immune surveillance interferons
Which type of innate (nonspecific) immunity keeps hazardous organisms and materials outside of the body?
physical barriers (e.g. skin and mucous membranes)
what describes the function of fever?
- speeds up the rate of chemical reactions/metabolism
- inhibits viruses and bacteria
Name two phagocytes that play a role in innate (nonspecific) immunity?
neutrophils and macrophages
Immune surveillance involves continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues by which type of cell?
NK (natural killer) cells
Name a type of cell that releases perforin and describe how perforin destroys abnormal cells.
NK (natural killer) cells release perforin. Perforin creates pores in the plasma membrane of abnormal cells, preventing the abnormal cell from maintaining homeostasis.
What is the name of a small protein that is released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and by our tissue cells that are infected with viruses?
interferons
What is the purpose of inflammation?
- temporarily repair injury
- prevent additional pathogens from entering wound
- slow spread of pathogens away from the injury site
- mobilise local, regional, and systemic defences to overcome pathogens and facilitate repair
What is the name of the protein that is found in the plasma part of blood and helps to kill pathogens and enhance phagocytosis and inflammation?
complement
Adaptive (specific) immunity develops after birth as a result of exposure to specific antigens. true or false?
true
Adaptive (specific) immunity protects the body against further attacks by the same type of disease-causing pathogen. true or false?
true
What are the four general characteristics of adaptive (specific) immunity?
- specificity (a specific antigen activates a specific immune response)
- versatility (there is a large diversity of T and B cells in the body which means that we can respond to a large range of antigens)
- tolerance (immune system does not respond to all antigens, e.g. it ‘tolerates’ (does not target) antigens on healthy cells)
- memory (memory T and B cells can launch a stronger and faster response to a previously encountered antigen)
Adaptive (specific) immunity primarily involves which two types of cells?
T and B cells
Name the two types of adaptive (specific) immunity and list the type of threat/hazard that they defend the body against.
Cell-mediated immunity: defends the body against abnormal cells and cells with internal pathogens (e.g. viruses)
Antibody-mediated immunity: defends the body against antigens and pathogens in body fluids
B cells play an important role in adaptive (specific) immunity. B cells differentiate into _____________ which produce and secrete _______________ .
Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies
What is an antibody?
A protein produced by plasma cells that binds to a specific antigen and promotes its destruction or removal from the body
antibody-mediated immunity also stimulates cell-mediated immunity to improve the outcome. What type of cell links the actions of antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity?
Active Helper T cells
The primary response to an antigen is the immune response that occurs when a particular antigen is encountered for the first time. The secondary response is a more extensive and prolonged immune response that occurs if an antigen appears again. The secondary response is due to the presence of which type of cell?
memory T and B cells
