Respiratory system - Gas Exchange

Question 1

What is the trachea lined with?

Answer 1

Ciliated epithelium cells with goblet cells

Question 2

What are the goblet cells for?

Answer 2

To produce mucus to trap cells

Question 3

Describe the alveolar ducts

Answer 3

No cartilage or ciliated epitherlium

Question 4

What is gas exchange?

Answer 4

Movement of respiratory gases in and out of the body tissues

Question 5

What causes a larger concentration gradient at alveoli?

Answer 5

High concentration of O2 than in blood

Blood flow in capillary brings de-oxygenated blood low O2 but high in CO2

Ventilation brings air rich in O2 to remove CO2

Question 6

What makes alveoli have a large surface area?

Answer 6

Millions alveoli

Rounded shape

More gas exchange at one time

Question 7

What makes alveoli have a thin and permeable surface?

Answer 7

Layer moisture

Squamous endothelial cells

Short distance between alveoli and capillaries

Question 8

What is ventilation?

Answer 8

Movements that cause air to flow in and out of the respiratory system

Question 9

What kind of process is ventilation?

Answer 9

Active process

Question 10

What happens to the diaphragm an E,I,M during inspiration?

Answer 10

Contract

Question 11

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

Answer 11

Flattens

Question 12

What happens to the E.I.M when they contract?

Answer 12

Ribs move up and out

Question 13

What happens to the volume of thorax during inspiration?

Answer 13

Increases

Question 14

What happens to the pressure in the alveoli and thorax during inspiration?

Answer 14

Decreases

Question 15

What happens to the diaphragm and E.I.M during expiration?

Answer 15

Relaxes

Question 16

What happens to the diaphragm when it relaxes?

Answer 16

Domes

Question 17

What happens to the E.I.M when it relaxes?

Answer 17

Ribs move in and down

Question 18

What happens to the volume in the thorax during expiration?

Answer 18

Decreases

Question 19

What happens to the pressure in the alveoli and thorax during expiration?

Answer 19

Increases

Question 20

How does air move during expiration?

Answer 20

Forced out

Question 21

What happens during strenous exercise with expiration?

Answer 21

Internal intercostal muscles are used to move ribs down rapidly

Question 22

What is tidal volume?

Answer 22

The volume of air a human breaths in and out of their lungs at each breath when at rest

Question 23

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 23

The maximum volume of air that can be taken in above tidal volume

Question 24

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 24

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out above tidal volume

Question 25

What is residual volume?

Answer 25

The volume of air remaining in lungs after each breath

Question 26

What is vital capacity?

Answer 26

The volume of air exchanged at a deep breath - sum of tidal volume, IRV and ERV

Question 27

What is total lung volume?

Answer 27

Vital capacity + residual volume

Question 28

What 2 ways can the respiratory system can be monitored?

Answer 28

Peak flow and spirometry

Question 29

What is peak flow used to measure?

Answer 29

The force with which a person can exhale

Question 30

What is the scale for the peak flow?

Answer 30

Litres of air per minute

Question 31

How is the peak flow used?

Answer 31

Set scale to 0 Hold horizontally Sit up and take deep breath Seal lips Breath out fast and hard 3x repeat Highest value recorded

Question 32

How does peak flow change with aging?

Answer 32

Decreases as elasticity in lungs decrease

Question 33

How does peak flow change with height?

Answer 33

Increases

Question 34

What is the average peak flow of a 35 yr old male?

Answer 34

625 l min-1

Question 35

What is the average peak flow of a 35 yr old female?

Answer 35

430 l min-1

Question 36

What is spirometry used to measure?

Answer 36

Tidal volume Breathing rate Inspiratory and expiratory reserves

Question 37

How is the spirometre used?

Answer 37

Nose is sealed Sit up and deep breath Seal mouth on mouth piece Breath out Fast and Long Repeat 3x Average

Question 38

What causes cystic fibrosis?

Answer 38

Recessive genetic mutation

Question 39

What does this mutation is CF impact protein?

Answer 39

The protein called CFTR chnages so unable to transport chloride ions properly

Question 40

Why is a CF sufferer tired?

Answer 40

Less aerobic respiration so less ATP produced so no energy

Question 41

What is the difficulty with thick sticky mucus with regards to breathing?

Answer 41

It increases the diffusion distance so gas exchange is slower

Question 42

Why is a CF sufferer breathless?

Answer 42

Less O2 enters the blood

Question 43

What kind of condition is emphysema?

Answer 43

Progressive

Question 44

What causes emphysema?

Answer 44

Exposure to tobacco smoke or toxic chemicals

Question 45

How does emphysema impact the bronchioles?

Answer 45

Collapse them so air traps in alveoli

Question 46

What happens to the alveoli when the bronchioles collapse?

Answer 46

Unable to recoil efficiently and cannot expel air fully so alveoli over-expand and rupture

Question 47

What happens to the amount of alveoli in emphysema?

Answer 47

Fewer

Question 48

How is air space in alveolous with emphysema?

Answer 48

Larger air space

Question 49

How is surface area with emphysema?

Answer 49

Reduced so gas exchange is slower so less oxygenated blood

Question 50

Symptoms of emphysema?

Answer 50

Shortness of breath Hyperventilation Expanded chest

Question 51

What does COPD stand for?

Answer 51

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Question 52

What are the two types of CODP?

Answer 52

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

Question 53

What causes chronic bronchitis?

Answer 53

Long term exposure to tobacco smoke and air pollution

Question 54

What is inflammed with chronic bronchitis?

Answer 54

The lining of the bronchi

Question 55

What encourage bacteria growth with chronic bronchitis?

Answer 55

Over-production of mucus which restricts movement

Question 56

Why is there less O2 with chronic bronchitis?

Answer 56

Reduced diffusion gradient so less gas exchange

Question 57

How does respiration change with exercise?

Answer 57

Increases

Question 58

How does exercise impact pH?

Answer 58

Reduces it as more CO2

Question 59

What detects change in pH in blood?

Answer 59

Chemoreceptors in aorta or carotid artery

Question 60

Where do the detectors of change send impulses?

Answer 60

Medulla

Question 61

Where does the medulla send impulses and to do what?

Answer 61

Respiratory centre to cause more contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Question 62

What do more impulses cause in the respiratory system?

Answer 62

Increase depth of breathing to remove CO2