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Biology > Respiratory system - Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Respiratory system - Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

Ciliated epithelium cells with goblet cells

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2
Q

What are the goblet cells for?

A

To produce mucus to trap cells

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3
Q

Describe the alveolar ducts

A

No cartilage or ciliated epitherlium

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4
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Movement of respiratory gases in and out of the body tissues

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5
Q

What causes a larger concentration gradient at alveoli?

A

High concentration of O2 than in blood

Blood flow in capillary brings de-oxygenated blood low O2 but high in CO2

Ventilation brings air rich in O2 to remove CO2

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6
Q

What makes alveoli have a large surface area?

A

Millions alveoli

Rounded shape

More gas exchange at one time

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7
Q

What makes alveoli have a thin and permeable surface?

A

Layer moisture

Squamous endothelial cells

Short distance between alveoli and capillaries

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8
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Movements that cause air to flow in and out of the respiratory system

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9
Q

What kind of process is ventilation?

A

Active process

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10
Q

What happens to the diaphragm an E,I,M during inspiration?

A

Contract

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11
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

Flattens

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12
Q

What happens to the E.I.M when they contract?

A

Ribs move up and out

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13
Q

What happens to the volume of thorax during inspiration?

A

Increases

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14
Q

What happens to the pressure in the alveoli and thorax during inspiration?

A

Decreases

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15
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and E.I.M during expiration?

A

Relaxes

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16
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when it relaxes?

A

Domes

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17
Q

What happens to the E.I.M when it relaxes?

A

Ribs move in and down

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18
Q

What happens to the volume in the thorax during expiration?

A

Decreases

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19
Q

What happens to the pressure in the alveoli and thorax during expiration?

A

Increases

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20
Q

How does air move during expiration?

A

Forced out

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21
Q

What happens during strenous exercise with expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles are used to move ribs down rapidly

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22
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air a human breaths in and out of their lungs at each breath when at rest

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23
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be taken in above tidal volume

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24
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out above tidal volume

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25
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air remaining in lungs after each breath

26
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The volume of air exchanged at a deep breath - sum of tidal volume, IRV and ERV

27
Q

What is total lung volume?

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

28
Q

What 2 ways can the respiratory system can be monitored?

A

Peak flow and spirometry

29
Q

What is peak flow used to measure?

A

The force with which a person can exhale

30
Q

What is the scale for the peak flow?

A

Litres of air per minute

31
Q

How is the peak flow used?

A

Set scale to 0
Hold horizontally
Sit up and take deep breath
Seal lips
Breath out fast and hard
3x repeat
Highest value recorded

32
Q

How does peak flow change with aging?

A

Decreases as elasticity in lungs decrease

33
Q

How does peak flow change with height?

A

Increases

34
Q

What is the average peak flow of a 35 yr old male?

A

625 l min-1

35
Q

What is the average peak flow of a 35 yr old female?

A

430 l min-1

36
Q

What is spirometry used to measure?

A

Tidal volume
Breathing rate
Inspiratory and expiratory reserves

37
Q

How is the spirometre used?

A

Nose is sealed
Sit up and deep breath
Seal mouth on mouth piece
Breath out
Fast and Long
Repeat 3x
Average

38
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

Recessive genetic mutation

39
Q

What does this mutation is CF impact protein?

A

The protein called CFTR chnages so unable to transport chloride ions properly

40
Q

Why is a CF sufferer tired?

A

Less aerobic respiration so less ATP produced so no energy

41
Q

What is the difficulty with thick sticky mucus with regards to breathing?

A

It increases the diffusion distance so gas exchange is slower

42
Q

Why is a CF sufferer breathless?

A

Less O2 enters the blood

43
Q

What kind of condition is emphysema?

A

Progressive

44
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

Exposure to tobacco smoke or toxic chemicals

45
Q

How does emphysema impact the bronchioles?

A

Collapse them so air traps in alveoli

46
Q

What happens to the alveoli when the bronchioles collapse?

A

Unable to recoil efficiently and cannot expel air fully so alveoli over-expand and rupture

47
Q

What happens to the amount of alveoli in emphysema?

A

Fewer

48
Q

How is air space in alveolous with emphysema?

A

Larger air space

49
Q

How is surface area with emphysema?

A

Reduced so gas exchange is slower so less oxygenated blood

50
Q

Symptoms of emphysema?

A

Shortness of breath
Hyperventilation
Expanded chest

51
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

52
Q

What are the two types of CODP?

A

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

53
Q

What causes chronic bronchitis?

A

Long term exposure to tobacco smoke and air pollution

54
Q

What is inflammed with chronic bronchitis?

A

The lining of the bronchi

55
Q

What encourage bacteria growth with chronic bronchitis?

A

Over-production of mucus which restricts movement

56
Q

Why is there less O2 with chronic bronchitis?

A

Reduced diffusion gradient so less gas exchange

57
Q

How does respiration change with exercise?

A

Increases

58
Q

How does exercise impact pH?

A

Reduces it as more CO2

59
Q

What detects change in pH in blood?

A

Chemoreceptors in aorta or carotid artery

60
Q

Where do the detectors of change send impulses?

A

Medulla

61
Q

Where does the medulla send impulses and to do what?

A

Respiratory centre to cause more contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

62
Q

What do more impulses cause in the respiratory system?

A

Increase depth of breathing to remove CO2

Biology (6 decks)

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