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Biology > Homeostatic Mechanisms > Flashcards

Homeostatic Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers in the blood

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2
Q

Where are hormones made from?

A

The Endocrine organs

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

This is the maintenance of constant or steady state conditions within the body

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4
Q

What 4 things does homeostasis control?

A

Blood sugar, CO2, blood pH and temperature

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5
Q

Why is homeostasis important (3 reasons)?

A

cells to function correctly,
chemical reaction to occur at correct point
allows organisms to be independent of fluctuations in external environment

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6
Q

What is it called when there is a change in the body?

A

Stimulus

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7
Q

What detects this change?

A

Receptors

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8
Q

What causes a response to this change?

A

Control centre in the brain

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9
Q

What responds to this change?

A

Efector

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10
Q

What is this response called?

A

Negative feedback

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11
Q

What does switching off this mechanism prevent?

A

Overcorrection

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12
Q

What organ controls blood glucose?

A

The pancreas

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13
Q

What specifically detects blood glucose change in this organ?

A

The Islets of Langerhans

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14
Q

What does the beta cells in the I.L detect?

A

Increase in blood glucose level

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15
Q

What causes an increase in blood glucose?

A

When a meal is being digested and absorbed into the blood

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16
Q

What does an increase in blood glucose cause to be released?

A

Insulin

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17
Q

What happens to all body cells when insulin is released?

A

They take up more glucose

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18
Q

What happens to the rate at which glucose is taken up when insulin is released?

A

It increases

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19
Q

What is glucose converted to when insulin is released?

A

Increased rate of glucose to fat storage

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20
Q

What also is glucose converted to for liver and muscle cells?

A

Glycogen

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21
Q

What is released when there is a decrease in blood glucose level?

A

Adrenaline and Glucagon

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22
Q

What can cause this decrease in blood glucose?

A

Respiration

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23
Q

What do liver cells do to glycogen when blood glucose decreases?

A

Covert back to glucose and released

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24
Q

What happens to amino acids when blood glucose decreases?

A

Convert back to glucose

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25
Q

What happens to rate of reactions when blood glucose level is low?

A

Decreases

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26
Q

Where is glucagon released from?

A

Alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans

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27
Q

Where is adrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal glands

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28
Q

What happens when more adrenaline is released?

A

Liver cells increase rate of conversion of glycogen to amino acids to glucose

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29
Q

What are the 2 ways to monitor blood glucose?

A

Blood meter and clinistix

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30
Q

What colour does clinistix turn to when glucose is present?

A

Blue/purple

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31
Q

How does the blood meter detect glucose?

A

You prick your finger and then drop blood onto the test strip. The strip is then put into the meter and blood glucose is measured in mmoll-1

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32
Q

What is it called when there is excess blood glucose in the blood or urine?

A

Diabete Mellitus

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33
Q

What is diabetes?

A

When the blood fails to regulate blood glucose

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34
Q

When is type 1 diabetes often diagnosed?

A

Birth or later

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35
Q

What in the body is unable to regulate during type 1 diabetes?

A

The beta cells produce little or no insulin

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36
Q

How is type 1 treated?

A

Insulin injections

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37
Q

When is type 2 diabetes often diagnosed?

A

Middle age, often associated with obesity

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38
Q

What happens in the body with type 2 diabetes?

A

The body produces insulin, however the target cells are resistant so pancreas increases insulin to the point it becomes damaged

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39
Q

What are the 2 ways to treat type 2 diabetes?

A

Medication or low carb diets

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40
Q

Where is thyroxine released from?

A

Thyroid glands - pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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41
Q

How do you gain thyroxine in your diet?

A

By iodine you can get this from cod, seaweed or eggs

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42
Q

What does thyroxine do? (top 4)

A

Increases BMR
Increases heart rate
Increases cardiac output
Increases breathing rate

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43
Q

What is it called when there is too much thyroxine in the blood?

A

Hyperthyroidism from overactive thyroid creating a tumour

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44
Q

What are the symptoms of too much thyroxine?

A

Restless
Weighloss

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45
Q

What is the swelling on your neck called with too much thyroxine?

A

Goitre

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46
Q

How is too much thyroxine treated? (3 ways)

A

Drugs
Radioactive iodine
Surgery

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47
Q

What is an underactive thyroid called?

A

Hypothyroidism

48
Q

What causes an underactive thyroide?

A

Immune disorders or drugs

49
Q

What are the symptoms of an underactive thyroid?

A

Feeling low, weight gain and tiredness

50
Q

How is an underactive thyroid treated?

A

Tablets which replace thyroxine

51
Q

What would cause the blood to be too concentrated?

A

Too much sodium and too little water

52
Q

What occurs when the blood is too concentrated?

A

Water leaves cells by osmosis and shrinks

53
Q

What would cause the blood to be too dilute?

A

Too much water and too little sodium

54
Q

What occurs when the blood is too dilute?

A

Water enters the cells by osmosis and the cells swell

55
Q

What are sodium and chloride ions known as?

A

Electrolytes

56
Q

How do you gain sodium and chloride ions?

A

Food and drink which is absorbed in ileum

57
Q

How do you lose sodium and chloride ions?

A

Through urine and sweat

58
Q

What are sodium ions needed for? (5 reasons) WIMAP

A

Control water balance
Muscle Contraction
Control Blood Pressure
Acid/base balance
Transmission of nervous impulses

59
Q

What are chloride ions needed for? (3 reasons) WAA

A

Control water balance
Acid/base balance
HCL in stomach which acids digest

60
Q

What can any sodium imbalance lead to?

A

Death or coma

61
Q

What is excess sodium known as?

A

Hypernatremia

62
Q

Name some of the symptoms of excess sodium? (5)

A

Muscle Twitching
High blood pressure
Brain dysfunction and confusion
Severe thirst
Heart failure

63
Q

What is low sodium known as?

A

Hypnoatremia

64
Q

What are some of the symptoms of low sodium? (4) DILS

A

Shock
Low blood pressure
Dehydration
Irregular heart beat

65
Q

What hormone controls sodium ions?

A

Adolesterone

66
Q

What gland detects a change in blood sodium?

A

Pituitary Gland

67
Q

What gland releases adolesterone?

A

Adrenal Glands

68
Q

What happens to the urine if blood sodium has increased?

A

More sodium excreted in urine

69
Q

What do the kidneys do if sodium has increased in the blood?

A

Reabsorb less sodium

70
Q

What hormone controls water balance?

A

Antidiuretic

71
Q

What can the control of water balance also be known as?

A

Osmoregulation

72
Q

What detects a change in blood concentration and where is this located?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

73
Q

What gland responds to the osmoreceptors?

A

Pituitary gland

74
Q

What does the pituitary gland release if blood is more concentrated?

A

More ADH

75
Q

What happens to urine if the blood is more concentrated?

A

There is a smaller volume of concentrated urine

76
Q

What does ANP stand for?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

77
Q

Where is ANP produced?

A

Atrial Muscle cells

78
Q

What is the normal pH range?

A

7.35 to 7.45

79
Q

What is the definition of blood pH?

A

Measure of concentration of H+ ions present

80
Q

Do acids have a higher or lower pH?

A

Lower

81
Q

What happens to the concentration of H+ ions in acids?

A

There is a higher concentration as there are H+ ions released

82
Q

What does alkalines (bases) do to blood pH?

A

They raise blood pH

83
Q

What happens to H+ions in regards to alkalis in blood pH?

A

Alkalis combine with H+ ions which decreases the concentration of H+ ions.

84
Q

What keeps the pH constant?

A

Buffer

85
Q

What does the body produce during normal metabolism?

A

More acid waste than base

86
Q

How does respiration cause more acid waste than base?

A

CO2 is produced which turns into carbonic acid which releases H+ ions

87
Q

What 2 other factors cause more acid waste than base?

A

Food consumed and metabolism of proteins and fats

88
Q

What are the 3 ways to control blood pH?

A

Buffer molecules
Respiratory mechanism
Kidney

89
Q

What are the two ways that buffer molecules can control blood pH?

A

Can combine with H+ ions to stop pH falling
Can release H+ ions to prevent pH rising too high

90
Q

What acid can release and absorb H+ ions?

A

Carbonic Acid

91
Q

What ions can release and absorb H+ ions with carbonic acid?

A

Biocarbonate ions (HCO3)

92
Q

Where does CO2 dissolve to form H2CO3?

A

Plasma

93
Q

What group in haemoglobin join with H+ ions?

A

amino groups -NH2

94
Q

What group in haemoglobin release H+ ions?

A

Carboxyl group -COOH

95
Q

How is pH impacted during strenuous exercise?

A

pH falls

96
Q

Why does pH fall during strenuous exercise?

A

CO2 is produced which increases H+ ions

97
Q

What in the blood is sensitive to changes in pH?

A

Chemoreceptors

98
Q

Where are these chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid Artery and Aorta

99
Q

Where are nervous impulses sent when fall of pH is detected?

A

Medulla in the brain

100
Q

Where does the medulla then send more nervous impulses?

A

Inter-costal muscles and diaphragm

101
Q

What happens when nervous impulses are sent to these muscles in the lung?

A

They contract more often and more forcefully

102
Q

What happens to breathing with low pH?

A

Deeper and faster

103
Q

What does the kidneys do if blood pH falls?

A

Excrete excess H+ ions

104
Q

What collection of tests is used to determine blood pH?

A

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

105
Q

What artery is ABG usually carried out on?

A

Radial artery in the wrist

106
Q

What is the blood analysed for during ABG?

A

pH
concentration CO2
concentration O2

107
Q

What is a pH below 7.35 known as?

A

Acidosis

108
Q

What is a pH above 7.45 known as?

A

Alkalosis

109
Q

What are the 2 main categories of abnormal pH?

A

Malfunction of the respiratory system
Changes in level of hydrogen carbonate in blood

110
Q

How is respiratory acidosis caused?

A

Lung disease such as asthma, pneumonia
Decreased breathing due to medications
Diseases affecting muscles or nerves of respiratory system

111
Q

How is respiratory acidosis compensated?

A

The kidneys reabsorb more HCO3 to remove excess H+ ions from blood

112
Q

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

Hyperventilation due to extreme anxiety, panic attacks, asthma attack or stress
Stroke
Pneumonia
Severe infection or fever

113
Q

How is respiratory alkalosis compensated?

A

The kidneys reabsorb less HCO3 so less if removed from the blood

114
Q

What causes metabolic acidosis?

A

Diabetes (ketoacidosis)
Severe diarrhoea
High levels of lactic acid due to severe over exercise

115
Q

How is metabolic acidosis compensated?

A

Breathing rate increases to remove CO2 and therefore H+ ions from blood

116
Q

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

Excessive vomiting
Overuse of diuretics
Overuse of alkaline drugs

117
Q

How is metabolic alkalosis compensated?

A

Breathing rate decreases to retain CO2 and therefore H+ in the blood

Biology (6 decks)

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