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Biology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Fluid that leaves arterial to bathe body cells

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2
Q

What is tissue fluid composed of?

A

Water and dissolved substances

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3
Q

What is blood?

A

Fluid that travels in blood vessels

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4
Q

What is lymph?

A

Residual fluid which enters the lymphatic system

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5
Q

What is lymph composed of?

A

Water, dissolved substances and fats from ileum

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6
Q

Where is tissue fluid?

A

Between body cells

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7
Q

Where is lymph?

A

Lymphatic vessel

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8
Q

What forces water and DS out of the capillary?

A

High hydrostatic pressure

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9
Q

How much tissue fluid is reabsorbed by the capillary?

A

80%

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10
Q

How much tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system?

A

20%

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11
Q

What is an example of residual fluid?

A

Fats from ileum

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12
Q

What glands produce many lymphocytes?

A

Lympth glands

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13
Q

Where does the lymph drain back into main circulation?

A

Vein in neck

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14
Q

What is haemoglobin made up of?

A

4 protein chains
2 Alpha
2 Beta

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15
Q

What does each protein have attached to it?

A

Non protein haem group

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16
Q

What does each non haem group have attached to it?

A

Iron

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17
Q

What is co-operative loading?

A

When one O2 binds to haem it causes haem to change shape which makes it easier for O2 to join to other 3

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18
Q

How does haemoglobin associate with oxygen?

A

Reversibly

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19
Q

What happens with haemglobin if alot of oxygen is present?

A

Associates with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

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20
Q

What happens if there is a short supply of oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen

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21
Q

What is the equation for the reversible reaction?

A

Hb + 4O2 = HbO8

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22
Q

What is percentage saturation of haemoglobin measured as?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

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23
Q

What is percentage saturation of haemoglobin?

A

The proportion of haem associated with oxygen

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24
Q

What does % saturation of haem depend on?

A

The amount of O2 present or available

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25
Q

What is the partial pressure of a gas measured in?

A

Kilopascals (kPa)

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26
Q

What is it ment by partial pressure of air?

A

The part of total air pressure due to that particular gas eg O2

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27
Q

What is there more present when partial pressure of air is high?

A

Gas

28
Q

What is part A of the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Alveoli in lung

29
Q

What is ppO like in the alveoli?

A

High

30
Q

Why is ppO like this in the lungs?

A

Regular breathing

31
Q

What is the relationship between haem and O2 in the alveoli?

A

High affinity so readily associate

32
Q

How saturated is haem in alveoli?

A

98%

33
Q

What is part B in the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Actively respiring tissues

34
Q

What is ppO like in part B?

A

Low

35
Q

Why is ppO like this in part B?

A

Aerobic respiration

36
Q

What happens as a result of ppO being low?

A

Oxyhaemogloin dissociates readily so O2 released into the tissues

37
Q

What is part C of the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Very actively respiring tissues

38
Q

What is ppO like in part C?

A

Very low

39
Q

Why is ppO like this in part C?

A

Rapid aerobic respiration

40
Q

What happens to the affinity in part C?

A

It is much reduced

41
Q

What happens to the relationship between haem and O2 in part C?

A

More oxyghaemoglobin dissociates so more O2 into the tissues

42
Q

What is the main change that impacts the Bohr effect?

A

CO2

43
Q

What are the 5Rs in the Bohr effect?

A

Respiration - more CO2
Right
Reduced - affinity for O2
Readily - dissociates
Released

44
Q

What is the advantages of the Bohr effect?

A

Allows working muscles to maintain aerobic respiration for longer so more ATP produced

45
Q

What other factors can influence the bohr effect?

A

Increase in temperature - heat energy
Decrease in blood pH - CO2 + H2O + RBC = carbonic acid

46
Q

As altitude increases what type of pressure is impacted?

A

Total atmospheric pressure

47
Q

What happens with regards to tissue, when ppO2 decreases?

A

Less O2 delivered

48
Q

What happens if there is less O2 getting to tissues?

A

Become tired, confused or nauseous

49
Q

What type of illness can you get at hgiher altitudes?

A

Altitude sickness

50
Q

What is it called when your body adapts to higher altitudes?

A

Acclimatisation

51
Q

What happens when your body adapts to higher altitudes?

A

More RBC
More Haem

52
Q

What does having higher haemoglobin compensate for at high altitudes?

A

Lower % saturation

53
Q

What kind of people have adapted to higher altitudes?

A

Tibeton people

54
Q

How have tibeton people adapted?

A

Different type of haem which is fully saturated at lower ppO2

55
Q

Why type of training do athletes indure?

A

Altitude training

56
Q

Why do athletes go through this type of training?

A

To boost their RBC count

57
Q

What does increasing RBC do for athletes?

A

Increase amount of O2 to muscles so more respiration and more energy

58
Q

What way can blood oxygen saturation be measured?

A

Pulse oximeter

59
Q

2 positives of using a pulse oximeter?

A

Non invasive and quick to use

60
Q

What is a normal blood oxygen saturation level?

A

95 - 99%

61
Q

What does the pulse oximeter use to measure how much O2 in blood?

A

A light probe

62
Q

Symbols for blood oxygen saturation?

A

SaO2

63
Q

What is pulse oximetry?

A

How well O2 is being sent to parts further from heart eg legs and arms

64
Q

What does low SaO2 lead to?

A

Hypoxemia

65
Q

What does SaO2 level need to be for hypoxemia?

A

94% or less

66
Q

What does hypoxemia prevent?

A

ENoguh O2 being delivered to organs

67
Q

Symptoms of hypoxia?

A

Blue/Gray skin
Tachychardia anxiety
Restlessness
Shortness of breath

Biology (6 decks)

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