Respiratory System Flashcards
What is tissue fluid?
Fluid that leaves arterial to bathe body cells
What is tissue fluid composed of?
Water and dissolved substances
What is blood?
Fluid that travels in blood vessels
What is lymph?
Residual fluid which enters the lymphatic system
What is lymph composed of?
Water, dissolved substances and fats from ileum
Where is tissue fluid?
Between body cells
Where is lymph?
Lymphatic vessel
What forces water and DS out of the capillary?
High hydrostatic pressure
How much tissue fluid is reabsorbed by the capillary?
80%
How much tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system?
20%
What is an example of residual fluid?
Fats from ileum
What glands produce many lymphocytes?
Lympth glands
Where does the lymph drain back into main circulation?
Vein in neck
What is haemoglobin made up of?
4 protein chains
2 Alpha
2 Beta
What does each protein have attached to it?
Non protein haem group
What does each non haem group have attached to it?
Iron
What is co-operative loading?
When one O2 binds to haem it causes haem to change shape which makes it easier for O2 to join to other 3
How does haemoglobin associate with oxygen?
Reversibly
What happens with haemglobin if alot of oxygen is present?
Associates with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
What happens if there is a short supply of oxygen?
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates to release oxygen
What is the equation for the reversible reaction?
Hb + 4O2 = HbO8
What is percentage saturation of haemoglobin measured as?
Partial pressure of oxygen
What is percentage saturation of haemoglobin?
The proportion of haem associated with oxygen
What does % saturation of haem depend on?
The amount of O2 present or available
What is the partial pressure of a gas measured in?
Kilopascals (kPa)
What is it ment by partial pressure of air?
The part of total air pressure due to that particular gas eg O2
What is there more present when partial pressure of air is high?
Gas
What is part A of the oxygen dissociation curve?
Alveoli in lung
What is ppO like in the alveoli?
High
Why is ppO like this in the lungs?
Regular breathing
What is the relationship between haem and O2 in the alveoli?
High affinity so readily associate
How saturated is haem in alveoli?
98%
What is part B in the oxygen dissociation curve?
Actively respiring tissues
What is ppO like in part B?
Low
Why is ppO like this in part B?
Aerobic respiration
What happens as a result of ppO being low?
Oxyhaemogloin dissociates readily so O2 released into the tissues
What is part C of the oxygen dissociation curve?
Very actively respiring tissues
What is ppO like in part C?
Very low
Why is ppO like this in part C?
Rapid aerobic respiration
What happens to the affinity in part C?
It is much reduced
What happens to the relationship between haem and O2 in part C?
More oxyghaemoglobin dissociates so more O2 into the tissues
What is the main change that impacts the Bohr effect?
CO2
What are the 5Rs in the Bohr effect?
Respiration - more CO2
Right
Reduced - affinity for O2
Readily - dissociates
Released
What is the advantages of the Bohr effect?
Allows working muscles to maintain aerobic respiration for longer so more ATP produced
What other factors can influence the bohr effect?
Increase in temperature - heat energy
Decrease in blood pH - CO2 + H2O + RBC = carbonic acid
As altitude increases what type of pressure is impacted?
Total atmospheric pressure
What happens with regards to tissue, when ppO2 decreases?
Less O2 delivered
What happens if there is less O2 getting to tissues?
Become tired, confused or nauseous
What type of illness can you get at hgiher altitudes?
Altitude sickness
What is it called when your body adapts to higher altitudes?
Acclimatisation
What happens when your body adapts to higher altitudes?
More RBC
More Haem
What does having higher haemoglobin compensate for at high altitudes?
Lower % saturation
What kind of people have adapted to higher altitudes?
Tibeton people
How have tibeton people adapted?
Different type of haem which is fully saturated at lower ppO2
Why type of training do athletes indure?
Altitude training
Why do athletes go through this type of training?
To boost their RBC count
What does increasing RBC do for athletes?
Increase amount of O2 to muscles so more respiration and more energy
What way can blood oxygen saturation be measured?
Pulse oximeter
2 positives of using a pulse oximeter?
Non invasive and quick to use
What is a normal blood oxygen saturation level?
95 - 99%
What does the pulse oximeter use to measure how much O2 in blood?
A light probe
Symbols for blood oxygen saturation?
SaO2
What is pulse oximetry?
How well O2 is being sent to parts further from heart eg legs and arms
What does low SaO2 lead to?
Hypoxemia
What does SaO2 level need to be for hypoxemia?
94% or less
What does hypoxemia prevent?
ENoguh O2 being delivered to organs
Symptoms of hypoxia?
Blue/Gray skin
Tachychardia anxiety
Restlessness
Shortness of breath
