Cell respiration Flashcards
What is respiration?
Complex series of chemical reactions
Equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + E
Equation for anaerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + E
What processes need respiration?
Cellular such as muscle contraction
What is ATP made up of?
Organic base - adenine
Sugar Ribose
3 inorganic phosphate groups
How is energy released by aerobic respiration stored?
In ATP for future use
What type of energy is ATP?
Intermediate source
4 functions of ATP?
Uptake molecules into cells
Cell division
Muscle contraction
Building molecules such as DNA, glycogen
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triosphosphate
What are the 4 processes of respiration?
Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
What is the only process where O2 is not required?
Glycolysis
Where does link reaction occur?
Matrix of Mitrochondria
Where does krebs cycle occur?
Matrix of Mitrochondria
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
Cristae of Mitrochondria
How is glucose activated in glyocolysis?
By adding phosphate
What forms after phosphate is added?
Fructose biphosphate
What does each 6C of FB break down to?
2x 3C molecules of triose phosphate
What is each molecule of triose phosphate converted to?
Pyruvate
What does each conversion to pyruvate produce?
2 ATP, so 4 altogether
Where is hydrogen removed from in glycolysis and where does it go?
Removed from triose phosphate and transferred to NAD to produce NADH
Where is 2ATP lost during glycolysis?
When adding phosphate
How much ATP is overall produced with glycolysis?
2ATP which is relatively small
What happens to pyruvate during link reaction?
It is oxidised by removing H atoms
What happens to the pyruvate when H atoms are being transferred?
De-carboxylated by removing C atom as CO2
Once pyruvate is de-carboxylated what is left over?
2 carbon acetyl groups
What does the 2 carbon acetyl groups join in link reaction?
CoEnzyme A
What is formed by the end of link reaction process?
Acetyl CoA (2C)
What happens to Acetyle CoA at start of Krebs cycle?
Joins with C4 acid to form C6 acid
What does the acid formed during krebs cycle undergo?
Oxidative decarboxylation
What does oxidative decarboxylation do in krebs cycle?
Regernates C4 acid
What is produced at the end of krebs cycle?
NADH
FADH
ATP
How is ATP produced in the electron transport chain?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What way do H atoms move in the electron transport chain?
NADH to flavoprotein to Coenzyme Q
What are NAD, flavoprotein and Coenzyme Q?
Cytochromes
What is a positive about cytochromes?
Progessively lower energy levels
What is ADP?
Adenosine Diphosphate
How are electrons transferred in the electron transport chain?
Electron carriers
What happens to the H atoms that cause them to become H ions and H electrons?
Dissociate
What reactions occurs when NAD is oxidised and flavo reduced?
Redox reaction
What happens at the end of electron transport chain?
Electrons recombine to form H atoms
What do the H atoms join to at the end of the ETC to form?
Oxygen to form water
How much ATP is produced in Krebs Cycle?
2 ATP
How much ATP produced in total in aerobic respiration?
38 ATP
How much ATP is produced from the 10 reduced NAD?
30 ATP
How much ATP is produced by the 2 FADH?
4 ATP
What is the net gain of ATP during anaerobic respiration?
2 ATP
When does anaerobic respiration occur?
When oxygen is not sufficient
What would cause there to be less sufficiency of oxygen?
Steneous exercise
What happens to H atoms during anaerobic respiration?
Removed from glucose and joined to NAD
What is produced when H atoms are added to glucose?
2 Pyruvate
What must happen which causes lactate to be formed?
NAD regenerated
What is BMR?
Basal Metabolic Rate
What is it ment by basal metabolic rate?
Minimum amount of energy used by whole organism at rest
What is BMR measured in?
Joules or calories/day or per hour
What does BMR supply energy for?
Breathing
Heart Contraction
Digestion
Why does BMR vary with muscle mass?
It is more metabolically active
How much energy does BMR supply for daily energy needs?
60 - 70%
Why is males BMR higher with males?
Higher muscle mass
Why do young people have a higher BMR?
Muscle mass decreases by 5-10% every decade and replaced with fat tissue
When can BMR be measured?
Motionless
At rest
Not hungry
25-30c
Positive of anaerobic respiration?
Produces extra ATP in short time compared to aerobic
Why does BMR change if you are taller?
Larger organs
What are the two ways of measuring BMR?
Heat produced per unit mass, per unit S.A over specific time
Oxygen consumed per unit mass over a specific time using a spirometer
