Respiratory System and Motor System Flashcards
What is breathing?
The exchange of gas between the environment and the lungs
What is Respiration?
All processes involved in the exhange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment
Why do we need oxygen?
Because oxygen will kickstart cellular respiration which is essential because it makes ATP for our body to function
What is the function of the respiratory membrane?
It aides in the diffusion of gasses into the bloodstream and vice versa
List the path of air from the environment to the bloodstream
Nasal Cavity>Pharynx>Trachea>Bronchi>Bronchioles>Alveoli>Capillaries>Bloodstream
What lines the Nasal cavity?
Hairs line the nasal cavity, sweeping and catching debris that enters.
What lines majority of the respiratory tract? What does it do?
Cilia lines majority of the respiratory tract, sweeping away debris back up to the phraynx.
What is the Larynx, and Epiglottis, and where are they located?
The larynx is an enlarged piece of cartilage at the top of the trachea, holding two strings of ligaments which is how we speak. The epiglottis is located near the larynx, and flips to separate the esophagus and trachea during swallowing
What are the Bronchi? What are the Bronchioles?
The bronchi are two cartilage covered bracnhes that reach from the trachea till they branch off within the lungs into bronchioles. Bronchioles are small tubes that have cilia within them, not covered by any sort of cartilage
What are the alveoli?
The alveoli are small sacs located on the ends of the bronchioles that are covered in capillaries. Ocygen enters the alveoli and diffuses into the capillaries, Carbon Dioxide diffuses into the alveoli from the capillaries.
What muscle causes inspiration and expiration?
The diapragm contracts and relaxes to cause inspiration and expiration, respectively. A contraction of the diaphragm will decrease the air pressure in the lungs, and the relaxation of the diaphragm will cause an increase of air pressure in the lungs
What are chemoreceptors?
Nerves in the medulla oblangata that are sensitive to specific chemicals
What are CO2 chemoreceptors like?
They will note increased levels of CO2 and will send nerve impulses to diaphragm to flush out the excess CO2 by increased breathing
What are O2 chemoreceptors like?
They exist in the carotid artery and aortic artery and will note decreased levels of oxygen while CO2 levels stay average. This will make the brain send out an impulse to increase the breathing rate (these are secondary and usually only happen during special circumstances such as being at a high altitude and CO poisoning)
What is the Cardiac muscle?
The cardiac muscle is the muscle on the heart. It is an involuntary muscle and will beat due to the autonomic nervous system
What is smooth muscle?
Usually found in organs, this muscle contracts incolunatirly. Is not striated.
What is skeletal muscle?
Muscle that is striated and controlled volunatrily. Skeletal muscles are striated and multinucleated
What are antagnoistic muscle groups?
Muscles on opposites sides of each other. One contracts whilst the other relaxes. E.g Biceps and triceps
What is a flexor?
A muscle that flexes to bend a joint (Bicep)
What is an extensor?
A muscle that contracts to straighten a joint (Tricep)
What makes sure the antagonistic muscle groups wont pull on each other?
Excitatory nerve impulses from central nervous system
In skeletal muscle an esitmated 80% of energy is lost as _____
Heat
What does the transmitter protein do in the Sliding Filament theory?
It stimulates release of Ca2+ from Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What does Ca2+ do in the Sliding Filament theory?
Removes inhibitors from binding sites on the actin so Myosin can bond with the actin
How does Myocin release the cross bridge?
Formation of ATP causes release of Myocin head
