Chapter 8 - Nutrients, Enzymes, and the Digestive System Flashcards
Carbohydrates are often described as ________ nutrients
Energy
What foods are carbohydrates usually found in?
Potatoes, bread, rice, fruit, corn
Why do runners eat lots of carbs before a race? What happens if lots of carbs are not are not burned off?
Runners use carbs to make sure they have maximum energy reserves. If these carbs are not burned they will be stored as fat
What is the ratio of a monosaccharide?
1:2:1
What is a carbohydrate made of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What are the three main monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
How are disaccharides formed?
Dehydration synthesis
Name a polysaccharide
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
How do animals store carbohydrates?
Glycogen
Are Lipids polar?
No, they’re non-polar (which is why their insoluble)
How are lipids formed?
Once glycogen supplies are built up, extra carbohydrates turn into fat
What are some uses of lipids?
Energy storage (twice the energy of carbs or proteins)
Acts as a cushion for cells
It protects us against the cold bc it gives us an insulation layer under our skin
Carrier for some vitamins
Raw materials for the synthesis of hormones
What are Triglycerides made of?
Glycerol head + 3 fatty acid tails
What are saturated fats?
A fat with only single bonds (comes from animals)
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats with only double bonds (easier to break down than saturated fats)
What are liposomes used for?
Lipids can fuse themselves into double layered spheres (called liposomes) These are used to fight cancer and target tumors.
What are LDL and HDL?
LDL and HDL are cholestrols. LDL builds up in your arteries, while HDL carries the LDL down to the liver to be broken down.
What colour does the Benedicts test (Blue) turn to when exposed to reducing sugars?
Orange-Red
What colour does the iodine test (yellow-red) turn to when exposed to starch
Black/Dark red
What are proteins made of?
Amino Acids
What are Amino Acids made of?
Nh2 group, Hydrogen, COOH (carboxyl), R group
What is an R group
It represents a number of different structures and differentiated one amino acid from another
Where are essential amino acids obtained from?
Food
What are proteins used for?
To form structural parts of the cell
Maintaining/repairing body tissues
What are the bonds between Amino Acids?
Peptide bonds
What are chains of Amino Acids called?
Polypeptides
The structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of ________ _____
Amino Acids
What does the primary structure of a protein look like?
A relatively straight line
What does the secondary Protein structure look like?
It looks folded/pleated because the Hydrogen bonding pulls the Amino Acids into ‘sheets’.
Why does the tertiary structure occur?
Because of the interactions with the R-groups. This causes it to fold further into itself.
What are quarternary proteins?
Quarternary proteins are just a bunch of tertiary proteins put together.
What is denaturation?
The changing of a protein shape due to heat, radiation, or a change in pH
What is the result of denaturation?
It changes the protein’s physical properties
