Chapter 10/11 - The Heart and Blood Flashcards
What are the three main components of blood? What percentage do they each take up?
Plasma/Fluid: 55%
RBC’s: 45%
WBC’s: Less than 1%
What three proteins are in Plasma?
Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen
What does Albumin do?
Maintains homeostasis by drawing water back into capillaries and maintaining body pressure
What does Globulin do?
Provide protection for the blood
What does Fibrinogen do?
Fibrinogens help with blood clotting
What is the main function of Red Blood Cells? (RBC’s)
To transport oxygen
What shape are RBC’s?
Binconcave
How long does a RBC live? How often are they replaced per minute?
They live for 120 days and are replaced 5 million times per minute
Are RBC’s nucleated?
No
How are RBC’s reproduced?
In the bone marrow. They are made from Stem cells that lose their nucleus as they leave the Bone Marrow
Will a person living at a high altitude have more RBC’s than the average person?
Yes, to compensate for the low amounts of Oxygen in their environment
What happens to RBC’s that get too old?
WBC’s come around to do cleanup and will release the Hemoglobin in a RBC
What happens to the Hemoglobin when a RBC is destroyed by a WBC?
Iron is recovered and stored in liver and bone marrow. Heme is turned into bile pigments
What is Hemoglobin made up of?
Heme (iron containing pigment)
Globin (Protein that binds to Heme)
Why does blood sometimes reflect blue or red?
Red blood comes from the Oxygen binding to the Hemoglobin
The blue reflection comes from the lack of oxygen bound to the Globin. This is because the shape of the proteins changes as Oxygen leaves
What is Anemia caused by?
Anemia is the lack of Oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues. It can be caused by hemorrhages, ulcers, iron deficiency, etc.
What is the function of all WBC’s?
Housekeeping/Defence
What are two things WBC’s do to housekeep?
Destroy invaders through phagocytosis, and create antibodies to immobilize invaders
Where do Granulocytes and Agranulocytes come from?
They both come from the Bone Marrow, but Agranulocytes are modified in the Lymph nodes
What do Granulocytes do?
They enact Phagocytosis
What are the three Phagocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
What do Neutrophils do?
Destroy burns, hemmorrhages, fever, and toxins
What do Eosinophils do?
Destroy allergens, and parasitic worms
What do Basophils do?
Destroy damage to tissues
What is erythropoiesis?
The production of RBC’s
What is RBC production controlled by?
Oxygen levels.
Low Oxygen levels = Increased production
How does Erythropoiesis work?
When low Oxygen levels are noted, Kindyes will release the hormone Erythropoietin causing production of RBC’s to increase
What is a Thrombus?
A blood clot that blocks a blood vessel and prevents gas exchange
How are Strokes and Heart attacks caused?
By thrombus’s that blocks either vessels in the brain or a clot in artery
What are pros and cons to Artificial Blood?
Pros
- Allows for no blood transfusions or to postpone blood transfusions
- Do not carry diseases
- No blood matching needed
Cons
- Provides no blood clotting or immunity
What antigens does type A blood have? What antibodies?
Antigens: A
Antibodies: B
This means it cannot accept B blood but can accept A blood (and O)
What blood is the universal donor? What blood is the universal recipient?
O is a universal donor because it has no antigens for other blood to react to.
AB is a universal recipient because they have no antibodies to react to other types of blood.
Why cant people with RH- blood recieve RH+ blood?
Because their body may begin to create RH antibodies and reject the blood
What is a Macrophage?
A white blood cell that engulfs uneeded things in the body
What are Helper T-Cells?
A T-Cell that organizes the immune response in the body
What are B-Cells?
White Blood cells that that produce specific Antibodies for specific Antigens
What is Cytokine?
A protein released by Helper T-Cells to signal to B-Cells and Killer T-Cells to start up
What are Antibodies?
A protein molecule produced by B-Cells that bind to certain Antigens to destroy them
What are Antigens?
A molecule on the surface of a cell that will elicit an immune response
How do neutrophils protect the body?
They will leave the cappilaries by Chemotaxis and begin to use phagocytosis to eat the invader. During this time, they will release Lysosomes to destroy both the microbe and Leukocyte
Why does inflamation occur?
Triggered by injured cells and damaged tissue due to an injury
Why does your body increase in temperature when you’re sick?
Because the cells in your body will realize the infection is not localized and will send a signal to the hypothalamus to increase the body temperature to try and kill the infection. They send the signal by digesting viruses and releasing chemicals that trigger the hypothalamus
What is Diapedesis?
The process of WBC’s exiting blood vessels
What is Chemotaxis?
Blood vessels becoming leaky to allow for WBC’s to exit
What do cells release that causes an allergic reaction?
Histamine and Bradykin
Histamine increases permeability
How do supressor cells keep Rogue cells in check?
By secreting a fluid that tell macrophages to destroy rogue cells
What does pluripotent mean?
A cell that can give rise to any other cell
What does Multipotent mean?
A cell that can turn into a neuron or a muscle cell (Adult Skin contains these)
