Chapter 6 - Photosynthesis

Question 1

What is the objective of photosynthesis?

Answer 1

To create glucose

Question 2

What i the formula for photosynthesis? What goes into photosynthesis and what comes out?

Answer 2

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Caron dioxide and water go into it, Glucose and oxygen gas come out

Question 3

What organelle carries out photosynthesis?

Answer 3

Chloroplasts

Question 4

What are chlorophyll?

Answer 4

It is a green light-absorbing pigment that begins photosynthesis

Question 5

What are the different types of chlorophyll?

Answer 5

The main type of chlorophyll found in photosynthetic organisms is Chlorophyll ‘A’. Accessory pigments absorb light that Chlorophyll ‘A’ does not, maximizing efficiency within the plant. These accessory pigments can include xanthophylls, and carotenoids-which reflect orange and red lights rather than green light

Question 6

What instrument determines the reflected and absorbed wavelengths of light by a pigment?

Answer 6

Spectrophotometer

Question 6

What does the colour of leaves changing in fall have to do with chlorophyll?

Answer 6

In the fall, leaves will break down the Chlorophyll ‘A’ pigments, unveiling the xanthophylls and carotenoids that may have previously been hidden, giving leaves that orange colour.

Question 7

Where do gases that are used within photosynthesis enter? What is produced as waste product?

Answer 7

The stomata, carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen gas is let out when photosynthesis is over

Question 8

What is special about the membrane of a chloroplast?

Answer 8

There are two layers, an outer and an inner layer

Question 9

What is the stroma?

Answer 9

A protein-rich, liquid-like (jelly) that fills the interior of a chloroplast

Question 10

What are thylakoids?

Answer 10

Thylakoids are interconnected sacs within the chloroplast that contain the chlorophyll a chloroplast has. These sacs will take in the sunlight energy that allows for photosynthesis to occur. This is where the light-dependent stages of photosynthesis happen

Question 11

What is the fluid within thylakoids called?

Answer 11

Lumen

Question 12

What connects thylakoids?

Answer 12

Lamallae

Question 13

What are thylakoid membranes made up of?

Answer 13

A phospholipid by layer, and it also includes electron transport chains (ETC’s) and light gathering pigment molecules -photosystems (these play a major role in the first stage of photosynthesis/production of energy-rich molecules)

Question 14

What does ATP do? How is it formed?

Answer 14

Grants an immediate source of energy. ADP + P i forms ATP through reduction/oxidation

Question 15

What is reduction?

Answer 15

A reaction i which an atom or molecule gains electrons

Question 16

What is oxidation?

Answer 16

A reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons. This causes a release of energy

Question 17

What must occur for electron transfers to happen?

Answer 17

Reduction/oxidation

Question 18

What does ‘LEO the lion says GER’ mean?

Answer 18

LEO: Loss of electrons, oxidation
GER: Gains electrons, reduction

Question 19

What are light-dependent reactions? What do they create? What do they use? Where do they occur?

Answer 19

Light-dependent reactions use light energy to create ATP and NADPH

Question 20

What are light-independent reactions? What do they create? What do they use? Where do they occur?

Answer 20

light-independent do not use solar energy, instead they use ATP and NADPH created by light-dependent reactions. These reactions take place in the stroma. Carbon fixation occurs here as well, which is where CO2 from the beginning of the photosynthesis reaction is transformed into glucose

Question 21

What do photosystems do? Where are they located? What comes from this? Can you summarize this step of photosynthesis?

Answer 21

Photosystems are collections of chlorophyll and other pigments packed onto the thylakoid membrane. These photosystems collect photons and light energy and bring them to the reaction center of these photosystems which include a pair of chlorophyll molecules (the only molecule that will use the solar energy). After this, the photosystem will power an electron that is in the reaction center and send it off to ETC’s which will inadvertently form ATP

Question 22

Where does the electron that comes from photosystem 2 go?

Answer 22

The electron goes to Electron Transport Chains, which are located along the thylakoid membrane near the photosystems. This electron will go through the process of many back-to-back reductions and oxidations which will form ATP

Question 23

what happens in an ETC? What is collected?

Answer 23

the electron will go through back-to-back oxidation and reduction rxns, which will release energy, and eventually, the electron will lose its charge. Hydrogen ions are built up throughout this process and will later be used to form ATP directly

Question 24

Where do hydrogen ions come from? Where do they build up? What do they form?

Answer 24

Hydrogen ions initially come from water (H2O), which is at the beginning of the photosynthesis equation. These ions are built up within the lumen because of ETCs. Hydrogen Ions then follow the electrical gradient and go through ATP synthae complexes where ATP is fully formed

Question 25

What happens within photosystem 1? What is formed here?

Answer 25

The unenergized electron comes into Photosystem 1 and is again energized by a photon of light for a second time. NADP+ exists here and by accepting 2 e- and 2 H+ ion it transforms into NADPH through reduction (gain of electrons)

Question 26

What is photophosphorylation?

Answer 26

Production of ATP through Photosystem 1