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COM - Cardiopulm Final > Respiratory System and Gas Exchange - Karius/Cole > Flashcards

Respiratory System and Gas Exchange - Karius/Cole Flashcards

1
Q

what comprises the conducting portion?

what is its function?

A

nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

carry air to and from gas exchange site

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2
Q

what is the fx of respiratory portion?

where is it located?

A

gas exchange occurs here

from respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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3
Q

what is the function of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

A

warm and moisten air

filter dust particles in air

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4
Q

what kind of tissue is the respiratory portion lined with?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium w/goblet cells

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5
Q

how is incoming air warmed?

A

by blood in venous plexus

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6
Q

what creates turbulence to help warm and moisten air?

A

sup., mid., and inf., conchae

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7
Q

what type of tissue are paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

thin pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with few goblet cells

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8
Q

what is part of the lamina propria of the respiratory system?

A 
made of loose CT
SECS Best
seromucous glands
elastic fibers
cartilage
smooth m. 
bone
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9
Q

what is the respiratory epithelium made of?

A

ciliated columnar cells

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10
Q

what special features located here?

A

mucins - hydrophobic glycoproteins that make mucus

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11
Q

what makes airway mucus?

A

goblet cells
clara cells
serous cells of submucosal glands

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12
Q

what does mucus contain?

A 
mucins
antimicrobial molecules (LID - lysozyme, IgA, defensins)
immunomodulatory molecules (secretoglobin and cytokines)
protective molecules (trefoil proteins and heregulin)
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13
Q

what layers is airway mucus made of?

A

pericilliary layer

mucus gel layer atop the periciliiary layer

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14
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

what is the defect?

A

abnormally thick mucus in respiratory and gi tracts

CFTR gene, results in defective Cl- transport and INC Na+ absorption

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15
Q

what is the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis?

A

cough, purulent secretions, dyspnea

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16
Q

where do bronchial carcinoid tumors arise from?

A

basal and NE cells (of Kulchitsky)

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17
Q

what does the epithelium change to in smokers?

A

changes TO stratified squamous
dec. in ciliated columnar cells
INC in goblet cells

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18
Q

what does the fibroelastic ligament do?

made of what?

A

prevents overdistension of the lumen

collage and elastic fibers

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19
Q

what does the trachealis m. do?

A

smooth m. that results in narrowing during cough reflex

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20
Q

where is BALT located?

A

wall of intrapulmonary bronchus

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21
Q

what is asthma characterized by?

A

reversible bronchoconstriction of the smooth m. bundles

reduction in the lumen of the airways

22
Q

what is a pulmonary lobule?

A

terminal bronchiole and assoc. regions of pulmonary tissues that it supplies

23
Q

what are clara cells?

what do they secrete?

A

epithelial cells w/dome-shaped apical domain that lacks cilia

surfactant

24
Q

what happens after an airway injury?

via what enzymes?

A

club cells proliferate and migrate to replenish alveolar epithelial cells (alveolar bronchiolization)

cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP4B1)

25
Q

what structures are examples of anatomic dead space?

A

trachea

bronchi

26
Q

what is alveolar dead space?

A

alveoli that do not participate in gas exchange

alveoli gets air but NO BLOOD

27
Q

what is physiological dead space?

A

alveolar + anatomical

28
Q

what kind of epithelium line alveoli?

A

simple squamous

29
Q

what is the normal resting V/Q ration?

A

0.8

30
Q

diffusion rate equation

J= ?

A

J = surface area x Diffusion coeffecient x (P1 - P2) DIVIDED by distance

31
Q

under normal resting conditions how much O2 and CO2 is exchanged every minute?

A

250 ml O2

200 ml CO2

32
Q

what are alveoli separated by?

A

interalveolar septa w/2 simple squamous epithelial layers with an interstitium bw them

33
Q

what are the characteristics of type I alveolar cells?

A

make up 90% of surface area
only 40% of cell population
make up the cell wall (pneumocytes)

34
Q

what do type II alveolar cells produce?

where are they located?

A

surfactant

at the angles formed by adjacent alveolar septa

35
Q

what are macrophages called in the alveoli?

A

dust cells

36
Q

where do dust cells migrate?

where are they transported to?

A

bronchi

pharynx

37
Q

what are dust cells called in CHF?

A

heart failure cells

LV fails to keep pace with venous return from lungs

38
Q

neutrophils release elastase, what does this do?

A

kills elastic tissue, less elastic tissue present and thus the walls enlarge

39
Q

what blocks the neutralizes the release of elastase?

A

serum alpha-1 antitrypsin

40
Q

what is emphysema caused by?

A

permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles

41
Q

what does the blood-air barrier contain?

A

cytoplasm of squamous epithelial cells (type I alveolar)
fused basal lamina of type I alveolar and capillary endothelial cells
cytoplasm of capillary endothelial

42
Q

what is included in the diffusion distance?

what is an avg amount?

A

fluid layer
alveolar epithelium
interstitial space
blood vessel wall

0.6 microns

43
Q

what is ARDS?

A

form of pulmonary edema that causes respiratory failure resulting from INC. permeability of alveolocapillary membrane

INC in Cp or damage to alveolar epithelial lining due to endotoxins or trauma

44
Q

what does the diffusion coefficient depend on?

A

solubility of the gas in water (O2 less soluble than CO2)

molecular weight of the gas (CO2 heavier than O2)

45
Q

what does DL O2 equal?

what is normal at resting conditions?

A

1.23 x DL CO

21

46
Q

what is DL CO2 at rest?

A

400

47
Q

what is LaPlace’s Law?

A

P = 2T/r

48
Q

what is the effect of surfactant in the alveolus?

A

DEC T, so there is no Pressure gradient for air

49
Q

What is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A

baby lungs are unable to make surfactant

common in infants born before 25-26 weeks

50
Q

What are the 3 respiratory system portions?

A

air-conduction
respiratory
mechanism of ventilation

COM - Cardiopulm Final (9 decks)

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