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COM - Cardiopulm Final > Lectures 1-3 Karius > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Karius Flashcards

1
Q

what is the equivalent of anatomic dead space?

A

conducting airways

about mL or body weight in mL

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2
Q

what are the 2 main muscles of inspiration?

A

diaphragm

external intercostal m.

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3
Q

what does the diaphragm do during inspiration?

A

contracts and moves down

INC volume of the thorax

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4
Q

what do the external intercostal m. do during inspiration?

A

raise the ribs when contracting

INC the A/P diameter of the thorax

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5
Q

what are the accessory m. of inspiration?

A

scalene m.
sternomastoid m.
m. in head and neck

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6
Q

when are accessory m. of inspiration active?

A

during exercise

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7
Q

what is the normal intrapleural pressure at rest and at inspiration?

A
  • 5 cm/H2O

- 8 cm/H2O

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8
Q

what happens to the alveolar pressure at rest, inspiration, and expiration?

A

starts at 0
inspiration -1
expiration +1

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9
Q

when does air flow into the lungs?

A

when alveolar P drops below atmospheric P

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10
Q

what are the expiratory muscles?

A

abdominal muscles

internal intercostals

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11
Q

what happens in expiration?

A

inspiratory muscles relax, Volume decreases

intrapleural Pressure increases

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12
Q

what is the minute ventialtion rate?

A

v(dot) = Vt x frequency

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13
Q

what is the alveolar ventilation rate equation?

A

v(dot) = V alv x frequency

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14
Q

what is alveolar ventilation?

A

Tidal volume - dead space

Vt - Vds

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15
Q

where is the anatomic dead space located?

A

conducting airways

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16
Q

what makes up the conducting zone and how many segments is it made of?

A

trachea –> 1,2,3 bronchus –> bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles

16

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17
Q

what makes up the transitional and respiratory zones and how many segments is it made of?

A

respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs

7

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18
Q

does the pulmonary circuit have high or low resistance?

A

LOW

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19
Q

what is greater: physiological or anatomical dead space?

A

physiological

common in pts w/lung disease

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20
Q

what is included in the abdominal wall muscles?

A

rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, transversus abdominus m.

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21
Q

what is IRV?

A

volume of air you can breathe in after Vt

ex. breathe in normally AND then take in more air

22
Q

what is ERV?

what does this require?

A

the volume of air you can force out in addition to Vt

req. activation of expiratory muscles

23
Q

what is RV?

A

cannot voluntarily force this air out

amt of air that remains in lungs

24
Q

what is VC equation?

give ex. of what this is

A

VC = IRV + VT + ERV

breathe in as deeply as possible and exhale as much as possible

25
Q

IC equation

example

A

IC = IRV + Vt

breathe in as much as you can from normal resting point

26
Q

FRC equation

example

A

FRC = ERV + RV

air that remains in lungs at the end of a normal (passive) respiration

27
Q

TLC equation

example

A

TLC = ERV + IRV + RV + Vt

total volume of air in your lungs after a maximal inhalation

28
Q

what is the alveolar dead space

A

alveoli that get air, but do not get blood

No exchange occurs here

29
Q

what part of the lung is the smallest airways without alveoli?

A

terminal bronchioles

30
Q

where do alveolar capillaries arise from?

what is their main interaction?

A

Right ventricle

exchange of O2 and CO2 bw blood and air

31
Q

where do extra-alveolar capillaries arise from?

what is their main interaction?

A

Left ventricle

deliver O2 and CO2 to the lungs,

32
Q

what is venous admixture?

what characteristics does it have?

A

addition of venous blood into PV (physiological shunt)

reduces the PaO2 of arterial blood
Increases the PaCO2

33
Q

what is the source PaO2 and PaCO2 of the alveolar capillaries?

what is the blood gas content of these capillaries?

A

low O2, high CO2

high PaO2, low PaCO2

34
Q

what is the source gas content of the extra-alveolar capillaries?

what is the return blood gas content of these capillaries?

A

high PaO2, low PaCO2

low PaO2, high PaCO2

35
Q

BP equation

A

BP = CO x TPR

36
Q

Pulmonary BP equation (PBP)

A

PBP = CO x PVR

37
Q

the PVR is about what compared to the systemic (TPR)?

A

1/4

38
Q

what is PVR determined by?

A

high # of capillaries
how many are open at any 1 time
lung volume (VERY high or low)
symp tone/vasoconstriction forces (only a minor influence)

39
Q

what happens to PVR during exercise?

A

it DECREASES bc more pulmonary capillaries open up to accommodate INC CO

40
Q

what happens to resistance at very high or low lung volumes?

A

INC a little

41
Q

what is the major constrictor of PVR?
what is its normal value?
what is the major control of it?

A

hypoxia
low
local

42
Q

what is the normal level of systemic TPR?
what is the major constrictor of it?
what is the major control?

A

Moderate
Sympathetics
ANS

43
Q

what is the Zone I pulmonary alveoli, artery, and venous pressure relationship?

A

PA > Pa > PV

44
Q

what is the Zone II pulmonary alveoli, artery, and venous pressure relationship?

A

Pa > PA > PV

45
Q

what is the Zone III pulmonary alveoli, artery, and venous pressure relationship?

A

Pa > PV > PA

46
Q

where are the alveoli the biggest in the lung?

where is BP the highest in the lung?

A

apex

base

47
Q

what makes NO?

what does it have a major role in?

A

endothelium

normal pulmonary blood flow

48
Q

where is endothelin 1 made?

what does it do and when is it present?

A

lungs

vasoconstrict, pathological conditions

49
Q

where is TxA2 found?

A

pulmonary vasculature

50
Q

what starling force is different in the lung?

what does this force now favor?

A

hydrostatic pressure of the tissue Ptissue

filtration from capillary to the alveolus

51
Q

what removes the fluid that is filtered into the alveolar space?

A

the lymphatics

COM - Cardiopulm Final (9 decks)

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