Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 151 > respiratory system and digestion > Flashcards

respiratory system and digestion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

partial pressure

A

fractional conc of specific gas relative to other gases present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what drives diffusion

A

difference in partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what drives respiration

A

O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

respiration byproduct

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

diffusion physically

A

maximize surface area and concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pressure in lungs as you breath

A

neg pressure brings air into your lungs -> positive pressure as you breath out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what part of NS governs breathing

A

both somatic and autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how much energy does breathing require

A

little energy; passive process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

capillary beds

A

a network of small blood vessels that allow the exchange of gas, water, and nutrient located in metabolic organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tidal ventilation

A

like a wave; always fluctuating; stale air still in lung when you breath out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

inhale

A

ontracts, expand thoracic cavity; neg pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

exhale

A

relax, reducing volume of thoracic cavity; positive pressure; passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why is breathing only 25% effect

A

because stale air in lungs even after you exhale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

intercostal muscles

A

mechanical aspect of breathing by helping expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle that separates the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities in mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

trachea

A

central airway leading to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lungs

A

expand and contract during respiration; pleural cavity (slime) to prevent contact with ribcage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

bronchi

A

supply air from trachea to the lungs
* trachea -> 2 primary bronchi, -> secondary bronchi -> bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bronchiole

A

tiny, fine branches of the bronchi that deliver air to alveoli sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

alveoli

A

transport fresh oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the bod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

small blood vessels that supply blood to the alveolar wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

red blood cell function

A

carry oxygen from lungs to rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why are red blood cells special

A

-3/4 of all cells in body
-no organelles or cytoplasm
- donut shaped
- 270 hemoglobin proteins per cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hemoglobin binding sites

A

2 beta and 2 alpha O2 binding sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hemoglobin saturation

A

saturated if all 4 binding spots bonded to O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cooperative binding

A

once 1 O2 bonded to hemoglobin binding site, other sites what oxygen even more; exponential rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

lowest and highest partial pressures of oxygen in the body

A

???

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

pH affect on O2 PP and hemoglobin saturation

A

lower pH = higher H+ conc (from increased activity/ respiration)
- less saturated red blood cells because more byproducts of repsiration present to bind rather than O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

maternal vs fetal hemoglobin saturation

A

fetal hemoglobin more saturated because mother has to readily give up O2 to give to fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

myoglobin

A

only has 1 binding site for O2; binds more readily to O2 and does not want to let go.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

artery

A

carry blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

vein

A

carry blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

veins below the heart: form and function

A

one way valve to help veins return blood to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

veins or artery: volume of blood in circulation

A

lower volume in artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

veins or artery: blood pressure

A

higher blood pressure in arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

veins or artery: return rate

A

(more smooth muscle) faster return rate in arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

veins or artery: muscles

A

more muscles in artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

resistance to blood flow (R) =

A

1/ (radius)^4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

factors that impact resistance to blood flow

A

1) radius
2) distance traveled from heart, length of venule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

rate of flow =

A

pressure/ resistance
*pressure (heart beat per min) required to overcome resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

size of cross section vs. amount of circulatory system they makeup: aorta

A

largest cross section but make up least of system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

size of cross section vs. amount of circulatory system they makeup: capillary beds

A

smallest cross section BUT make up most of system; maximize surface area for diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

distance from heart and velocity

A

further from heart = slowest velocity
* capillary beds = slowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

blood pressure vs osmotic pressure: arterial side

A

net force out of capillaries; blood pressure > osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

blood pressure vs osmotic pressure:venous side

A

net force into capillaries; osmotic pressure > blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what goes into the capillary beds (venous side)

A

byproducts of respiration; CO2 and H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

3 chambered heart vs 4 chambered heart

A

4 chambered heart has separate chambers for O2 and CO2; maximizes gradient and is much more efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

cardiac cycle: diastole

A

atria contracts -> fills ventricles (chambers) with blood; heart relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

cardiac cycle: systrole

A

ventricles contract -> pump blood out of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

heart depolarization process

A

1) SA node (pacemaker) node activated and atria contracts
2)AV node activated
3) action potentials sent through modified muscle (purkinje) fibers -> ventricles -> ventricles contract

51
Q

EKG

A

measure electrical impulses to look at heartbeat;
-small increase: atria contract
- large spike: ventricles contract

52
Q

atria

A

The two upper chambers in the heart , which receive blood from the veins and push it into the ventricles

53
Q

how sympathetic NS regulates heart

A

increases heartbeat;
norepinephrine excites SA, AV and muscles fibers -> increase unloading in cap. beds increased heartbeat

54
Q

how parasympathetic NS regulates heart

A

decrease heart rate to conserve energy via acetylcholine

55
Q

regulating high blood pressure

A

blood vessels relax

56
Q

regulating low blood pressure

A

blood vessels constrict
*ADH

57
Q

what muscles increase blood flow when we are active

A

skeletal muscles!!!

58
Q

3 parts of the gut

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

59
Q

foregut

A

mouth- stomach; pre absorption

60
Q

midgut

A

small intestine; absorption

61
Q

hindgut

A

large intestine- anus; expelling waste

62
Q

inferior vena cava

A

drain deoxy blood from below the heart back to the heart

63
Q

superior vena cava

A

drain deoxy blood from above the heart back to the heart

64
Q

heart pumping blood to circuits

A

deoxygenated. blood -> heart -> pulmonary circuit (lungs) -> oxygenated blood to heart -> systemic circuit (body)

65
Q

how does blood get from heart to pulmonary circuit

A

blood -> right atrium -> right AV valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> right and left pulmonary artery -> out

66
Q

where does blood enter the heart

A

right atrium

67
Q

how does blood get from heart to systemic circuit

A

right and left pulmonary veins (oxy blood) -> left atrium -> left AV valve -> left ventricle -> aorta

68
Q

capillaries vs alveoli

A

capillaries: are blood vessels in the walls of the alveoli; blood CO2/O2 exchange
alveoli: small air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

69
Q

2 types of digestion

A

chemical and mechanical

70
Q

key component of chemical digestion

A

enzymes and acidic environments

71
Q

key components of mechanical digestion

A

teeth (grind/chew) and intestinal muscles (chern)

72
Q

mouth function

A

ingestion; teeth grind up food, saliva salivates (enzymes), tongue moves food around to help swallow

73
Q

enzymes in saliva

A

salivary amylase = breaks down carbs
salivary lipase = breaks down lipids

74
Q

what governs the movement of food through the digestive system

A

autonomic ns

75
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic muscular contraction that move food

76
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

band of muscles at the base of stomach that regulate how much food is released to small intestine

77
Q

stomach environment and its consequences

A

very acidic; proteins denature
* cells lining stomach secrete HCl to maintain pH

78
Q

gastin fluid

A

secreasted when food arrives in stomach -> stimulates HCl and pepsinogen production

79
Q

digestive enzymes in stomach

A

peptin (protein break down) and lipase (lipid break down)

80
Q

functions of stomach

A

digest and store food

81
Q

gastric glands

A

produce mucus to protect the stomach lining from HCl stomach acid

82
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

83
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete H+ and Cl- from cell separately -> HCl -> turn pepsinogen into pepsin

84
Q

pepsin

A

a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food

85
Q

small intestine function

A

absorb and digestion

86
Q

small intestine 3 parts

A

duodenum, jejunuim, ikeum

87
Q

duodenum function

A

receives food from stomach; has to neutralize pH

88
Q

how does duodenum neutralize pH

A

chemoreceptors bind to H+ from acidic stomach contents -> bind to hormone secretion -> signal release of bicarbonate

89
Q

how are fats digested

A

CCK hormone released -> signal gallbladder to release bile salts to digest fat

90
Q

where are bile salts made and stored

A

made in liver and stored in gallbladder

91
Q

common bile duct

A

transfer bile salt made in liver -> gallbladder

92
Q

pancreas function

A

creates enzymes for digestion
- endocrine: alpha cells for glucagon and beta cells for insulin
- exocrine: amylase, lipase, digest proteins

93
Q

absorption of glucose (sigars and amino acids)

A

glucose Na+ cotransporter; use conc gradient of Na+ to being glucose into cell with no ATP
* leaky glucose channels bring glucose to body

94
Q

what part of the small intestine absorbs

A

ileum

95
Q

hepatic portal system

A

drains spleen, pancreas, GI tract, gallbladder to liver

96
Q

liver functions

A

detoxify anything harmful, stores sugar as glycogen, gluconeogenesis (proteins and lipid -> sugar)

97
Q

large intestine

A

absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination

98
Q

large intestine gut microbiome

A

energy from byproducts of bacteria -> absorb

99
Q

gut microbiome; lactose intolerance

A

lactose not broken down -> large intestine where bacteria break it down and produce gas.

100
Q

osmoregulation systems: low water

A

hypothalamus creates feeling of thirst and signals posterior pituitary gland to release ADH -> kidney reabsorb more water

101
Q

osmoregulation systems: high water

A

hypothalamus signals for less release of ADH -> kidneys reabsorb less water and release through urine.

102
Q

how do you get water

A

food, water, byproduct of respiration

103
Q

how do we lose water

A

sweat and urine

104
Q

kidney function

A

get rid of nitrogenous compounds and save electrolytes and water by filtering blood

105
Q

3 steps kidney function

A

1) filtration (turn into filtrate)
2) reabsorption (usafal solvents back into blood)
3) secretion: adds solute to filtrate -> turns to urine when transported to bladder

106
Q

peritubular capillaries function

A

filter blood

107
Q

vasa recta funtion

A

reabsorption

108
Q

nephron

A

Each nephron has a glomerulus to filter your blood and a tubule that returns needed substances to your blood and pulls out additional wastes

109
Q

renal cortex

A

outer layer of the kidney

110
Q

renal medulla

A

inner part of the kidney; helps regulate the concentration of urine by filtering out water, salts, and acid

111
Q

glomerulus

A

filters blood

112
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

forms extracellular space through filtration gradient

113
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

regulates extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis; connects to collecting duct

114
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

segment of the renal tubule responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes and water; closest to bowman’s capsule

115
Q

path to collecting duct

A

proximal convoluted tubule -> loop of henle -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct.

116
Q

loop of henle

A

reabsorbs water

117
Q

descending limb

A

has aquaporins; increased osmolarity as water flows out through aquaporins

118
Q

ascending limb

A

has salt pumps; decreased osmolarity by actively pumping salt

119
Q

urea recycling

A

urea goes back into ascending limb so it pulls out more salt and water; upregulated ADH -> urea transport proteins and aquaporins

119
Q

high ADH effect on urine

A

increased permeability of collecting ducts -> water diffuse out of filtrate -> more conc urine

120
Q

low ADH effect urine

A

less permeable collecting duct -> less water diffusion -> more dilute urine

121
Q

how different organisms convert NH2

A

aquatic: NH3 (lots of water but low energy)
mammals: urea (less toxic but more energy)
birds, insects, reptiles: Uric acid (no water, energetically costly)

122
Q

endothelial tissue

A

type of tissue lines our capillaries and allows for the exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, and effector cells of the immune system

Bio 151 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions