respiratory system and digestion Flashcards
partial pressure
fractional conc of specific gas relative to other gases present
what drives diffusion
difference in partial pressure
what drives respiration
O2
respiration byproduct
CO2
diffusion physically
maximize surface area and concentration gradient
pressure in lungs as you breath
neg pressure brings air into your lungs -> positive pressure as you breath out
what part of NS governs breathing
both somatic and autonomic
how much energy does breathing require
little energy; passive process
capillary beds
a network of small blood vessels that allow the exchange of gas, water, and nutrient located in metabolic organs
tidal ventilation
like a wave; always fluctuating; stale air still in lung when you breath out
inhale
ontracts, expand thoracic cavity; neg pressure
exhale
relax, reducing volume of thoracic cavity; positive pressure; passive
why is breathing only 25% effect
because stale air in lungs even after you exhale
intercostal muscles
mechanical aspect of breathing by helping expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity
diaphragm
muscle that separates the thoracic (chest) and abdominal cavities in mammals
trachea
central airway leading to lungs
lungs
expand and contract during respiration; pleural cavity (slime) to prevent contact with ribcage
bronchi
supply air from trachea to the lungs
* trachea -> 2 primary bronchi, -> secondary bronchi -> bronchioles
bronchiole
tiny, fine branches of the bronchi that deliver air to alveoli sacs
alveoli
transport fresh oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the bod
pulmonary capillaries
small blood vessels that supply blood to the alveolar wall
red blood cell function
carry oxygen from lungs to rest of body
why are red blood cells special
-3/4 of all cells in body
-no organelles or cytoplasm
- donut shaped
- 270 hemoglobin proteins per cell
hemoglobin binding sites
2 beta and 2 alpha O2 binding sites
hemoglobin saturation
saturated if all 4 binding spots bonded to O2
cooperative binding
once 1 O2 bonded to hemoglobin binding site, other sites what oxygen even more; exponential rate
lowest and highest partial pressures of oxygen in the body
???
pH affect on O2 PP and hemoglobin saturation
lower pH = higher H+ conc (from increased activity/ respiration)
- less saturated red blood cells because more byproducts of repsiration present to bind rather than O2
maternal vs fetal hemoglobin saturation
fetal hemoglobin more saturated because mother has to readily give up O2 to give to fetus
myoglobin
only has 1 binding site for O2; binds more readily to O2 and does not want to let go.
artery
carry blood away from the heart
vein
carry blood to the heart
veins below the heart: form and function
one way valve to help veins return blood to the heart
veins or artery: volume of blood in circulation
lower volume in artery
veins or artery: blood pressure
higher blood pressure in arteries
veins or artery: return rate
(more smooth muscle) faster return rate in arteries
veins or artery: muscles
more muscles in artery
resistance to blood flow (R) =
1/ (radius)^4
factors that impact resistance to blood flow
1) radius
2) distance traveled from heart, length of venule
rate of flow =
pressure/ resistance
*pressure (heart beat per min) required to overcome resistance
size of cross section vs. amount of circulatory system they makeup: aorta
largest cross section but make up least of system
size of cross section vs. amount of circulatory system they makeup: capillary beds
smallest cross section BUT make up most of system; maximize surface area for diffusion
distance from heart and velocity
further from heart = slowest velocity
* capillary beds = slowest
blood pressure vs osmotic pressure: arterial side
net force out of capillaries; blood pressure > osmotic pressure
blood pressure vs osmotic pressure:venous side
net force into capillaries; osmotic pressure > blood pressure
what goes into the capillary beds (venous side)
byproducts of respiration; CO2 and H+
3 chambered heart vs 4 chambered heart
4 chambered heart has separate chambers for O2 and CO2; maximizes gradient and is much more efficient
cardiac cycle: diastole
atria contracts -> fills ventricles (chambers) with blood; heart relaxes
cardiac cycle: systrole
ventricles contract -> pump blood out of the heart
heart depolarization process
1) SA node (pacemaker) node activated and atria contracts
2)AV node activated
3) action potentials sent through modified muscle (purkinje) fibers -> ventricles -> ventricles contract
EKG
measure electrical impulses to look at heartbeat;
-small increase: atria contract
- large spike: ventricles contract
atria
The two upper chambers in the heart , which receive blood from the veins and push it into the ventricles
how sympathetic NS regulates heart
increases heartbeat;
norepinephrine excites SA, AV and muscles fibers -> increase unloading in cap. beds increased heartbeat
how parasympathetic NS regulates heart
decrease heart rate to conserve energy via acetylcholine
regulating high blood pressure
blood vessels relax
regulating low blood pressure
blood vessels constrict
*ADH
what muscles increase blood flow when we are active
skeletal muscles!!!
3 parts of the gut
foregut, midgut, hindgut
foregut
mouth- stomach; pre absorption
midgut
small intestine; absorption
hindgut
large intestine- anus; expelling waste
inferior vena cava
drain deoxy blood from below the heart back to the heart
superior vena cava
drain deoxy blood from above the heart back to the heart
heart pumping blood to circuits
deoxygenated. blood -> heart -> pulmonary circuit (lungs) -> oxygenated blood to heart -> systemic circuit (body)
how does blood get from heart to pulmonary circuit
blood -> right atrium -> right AV valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> right and left pulmonary artery -> out
where does blood enter the heart
right atrium
how does blood get from heart to systemic circuit
right and left pulmonary veins (oxy blood) -> left atrium -> left AV valve -> left ventricle -> aorta
capillaries vs alveoli
capillaries: are blood vessels in the walls of the alveoli; blood CO2/O2 exchange
alveoli: small air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
2 types of digestion
chemical and mechanical
key component of chemical digestion
enzymes and acidic environments
key components of mechanical digestion
teeth (grind/chew) and intestinal muscles (chern)
mouth function
ingestion; teeth grind up food, saliva salivates (enzymes), tongue moves food around to help swallow
enzymes in saliva
salivary amylase = breaks down carbs
salivary lipase = breaks down lipids
what governs the movement of food through the digestive system
autonomic ns
peristalsis
rhythmic muscular contraction that move food
pyloric sphincter
band of muscles at the base of stomach that regulate how much food is released to small intestine
stomach environment and its consequences
very acidic; proteins denature
* cells lining stomach secrete HCl to maintain pH
gastin fluid
secreasted when food arrives in stomach -> stimulates HCl and pepsinogen production
digestive enzymes in stomach
peptin (protein break down) and lipase (lipid break down)
functions of stomach
digest and store food
gastric glands
produce mucus to protect the stomach lining from HCl stomach acid
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
parietal cells
secrete H+ and Cl- from cell separately -> HCl -> turn pepsinogen into pepsin
pepsin
a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins found in ingested food
small intestine function
absorb and digestion
small intestine 3 parts
duodenum, jejunuim, ikeum
duodenum function
receives food from stomach; has to neutralize pH
how does duodenum neutralize pH
chemoreceptors bind to H+ from acidic stomach contents -> bind to hormone secretion -> signal release of bicarbonate
how are fats digested
CCK hormone released -> signal gallbladder to release bile salts to digest fat
where are bile salts made and stored
made in liver and stored in gallbladder
common bile duct
transfer bile salt made in liver -> gallbladder
pancreas function
creates enzymes for digestion
- endocrine: alpha cells for glucagon and beta cells for insulin
- exocrine: amylase, lipase, digest proteins
absorption of glucose (sigars and amino acids)
glucose Na+ cotransporter; use conc gradient of Na+ to being glucose into cell with no ATP
* leaky glucose channels bring glucose to body
what part of the small intestine absorbs
ileum
hepatic portal system
drains spleen, pancreas, GI tract, gallbladder to liver
liver functions
detoxify anything harmful, stores sugar as glycogen, gluconeogenesis (proteins and lipid -> sugar)
large intestine
absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination
large intestine gut microbiome
energy from byproducts of bacteria -> absorb
gut microbiome; lactose intolerance
lactose not broken down -> large intestine where bacteria break it down and produce gas.
osmoregulation systems: low water
hypothalamus creates feeling of thirst and signals posterior pituitary gland to release ADH -> kidney reabsorb more water
osmoregulation systems: high water
hypothalamus signals for less release of ADH -> kidneys reabsorb less water and release through urine.
how do you get water
food, water, byproduct of respiration
how do we lose water
sweat and urine
kidney function
get rid of nitrogenous compounds and save electrolytes and water by filtering blood
3 steps kidney function
1) filtration (turn into filtrate)
2) reabsorption (usafal solvents back into blood)
3) secretion: adds solute to filtrate -> turns to urine when transported to bladder
peritubular capillaries function
filter blood
vasa recta funtion
reabsorption
nephron
Each nephron has a glomerulus to filter your blood and a tubule that returns needed substances to your blood and pulls out additional wastes
renal cortex
outer layer of the kidney
renal medulla
inner part of the kidney; helps regulate the concentration of urine by filtering out water, salts, and acid
glomerulus
filters blood
Bowman’s capsule
forms extracellular space through filtration gradient
distal convoluted tubule
regulates extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis; connects to collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule
segment of the renal tubule responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various solutes and water; closest to bowman’s capsule
path to collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule -> loop of henle -> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct.
loop of henle
reabsorbs water
descending limb
has aquaporins; increased osmolarity as water flows out through aquaporins
ascending limb
has salt pumps; decreased osmolarity by actively pumping salt
urea recycling
urea goes back into ascending limb so it pulls out more salt and water; upregulated ADH -> urea transport proteins and aquaporins
high ADH effect on urine
increased permeability of collecting ducts -> water diffuse out of filtrate -> more conc urine
low ADH effect urine
less permeable collecting duct -> less water diffusion -> more dilute urine
how different organisms convert NH2
aquatic: NH3 (lots of water but low energy)
mammals: urea (less toxic but more energy)
birds, insects, reptiles: Uric acid (no water, energetically costly)
endothelial tissue
type of tissue lines our capillaries and allows for the exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, and effector cells of the immune system
