jeopardy questions Flashcards
type of muscle found in the heart, limbs, head, and torso
striated muscle
Type of muscle found in the respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and digestive systems
smooth muscle
Muscle protein types found in striated and smooth muscle
action and myosin
Major characteristics of a striated muscle cell, or muscle fiber, you could see using a microscope
multiple nuclei, hundreds of myofibrils, lots of mitochondria, innervated by efferent motor neurons
Major components of a whole muscle, from smallest to largest
myofibrils, muscle fibers or cells, and muscle bundles
The area between two Z discs (or Z lines), i.e., the smallest unit of contraction
sarcomere
This occurs when myosin heads interact with actin filaments
cross bridge formation
The effect of ATP binding to myosin
detachment of the myosin head from actin
The effect of ATP hydrolysis on myosin
cocking back of myosin heads
The effect of ADP + Pi releasing from myosin
“power stroke” (the thin filament sliding relative to the thick filament under the action of myosin heads)
This sends nerve signals to skeletal muscle
motor neuron
The type of tissue that wraps around whole muscle groups and muscle bundles
connective tissue;epimysium and endomysium
The neurotransmitter released by motor neurons at the motor endplate
acetylcholine
This causes troponin to interact with tropomyosin, exposing myosin-binding sites and triggering muscle contraction
the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
This happens when acetylcholine is reabsorbed, Ca2+ is actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and tropomyosin again blocks myosin-binding sites
skeletal muscles relax
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
This depends on the number of motor units activated each time frame
muscle’s force output
This structure is apparent when looking at the cross-section of a myofibril and the arrangement of actin and myosin (which helps illustrate why muscle fibers are so strong)
hexagonal lattice
This conducts a depolarization into the muscle cell, where it affects the sarcoplasmic reticulum
t-tubule
This causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
muscle cell firing an action potential
This structure determines what cells will respond to a particular hormone in circulation
receptors for a particular hormone
These hormones bind to extracellular receptors specific to them…
hydrophilic (amine or peptide) hormones
This class of hormones binds to its receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell…
hydrophobic (steroid or cholesterol-derived) hormones
This structure sits at the base of the forebrain, receives information from the nervous system, and initiates our endocrine system’s response…
hypothalamus
This phenomenon occurs when a system’s end product feeds back into the system and amplifies the process…
positive feedback
This hormone is released by the pancreas between meals to raise blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen.
glucogen
This hormone promotes skeletal muscle and the liver to store energy via glycogen and fatty acid synthesis.
insulin
This process keeps circulating glucose at homeostatic, or healthy, levels.
negative feedback
The liver responds to Epinephrine by releasing the energy monomer _____ from the energy chain ______.
glucose and glycogen
This organ secretes glucagon and insulin and is key in regulating circulating energy levels.
pancreas
Activating this branch of your autonomic nervous system is crucial for a rapid stress response.
sympathetic NS
This is an example of an increased physiological response that happens when an animal perceives a threat (bear!) (hint, there are at least four)
increased heart rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles, glucose mobilization, and water retention
This is an example of a decreased physiological response that happens when an animal perceives a threat
decreased digestion, growth, immune response, and blood flow to non-essential organs (ie the GI tract)
This gland sits atop the kidney and releases the primary hormones that govern the stress response
adrenal gland
The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which acts on the ___________ and causes the release of ___________.
he anterior pituitary and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Differences in this property of gas drive its diffusion across a membrane from areas of higher concentration to lower concentrations
partial pressure
In order to rid your body of this molecule, its partial pressure must be higher in the body than in the atmosphere
CO2
thankfully, this molecule is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere
O2
This property reflects that we never fully exhale all of the gas from our lungs and can increase the volume of gas in the lungs during bouts of exercise
tidal volume/ ventilation
These two places in the body are where you would find the lowest and highest partial pressures of O2
the blood within the pulmonary artery and the air within the mouth/trachea
This muscle separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities and helps to inflate the lungs by creating a negative pressure in the thoracic cavity.
diaphragm
This process allows multicellular organisms to transport substances to the site where diffusion occurs more efficiently
bulk flow
These structures greatly increase the surface area of the lungs, ensuring that the gas exchange surface is maximized and the respiratory needs of an animal are not limited by diffusion
alveoli
During exercise, this tissue signals where O2 is most needed via byproducts of cellular respiration
skeletal muscle
When gaseous O2 leaves the lungs and enters circulation, it dissolves into a liquid and first enters our circulatory system via the _________, where it then travels to the heart via the _______.
pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary veins
This cell is hardly a cell at all, given its lack of organelles; it travels slowly through the capillaries, exchanging the gasses O2 and CO2.
red blood cell
this polypeptide’s alpha and beta subunits are where O2 binds in a red blood cell
hemoglobin
This protein ensures that hemoglobin transfers its O2 under all partial pressures into skeletal muscle cells where needed
myoglobin
Due to the cooperative binding of O2 and hemoglobin, the relationship between O2 partial pressure and saturation of hemoglobin takes on this shape.
sigmoid curve
When we exercise, we increase the amount of O2 released by hemoglobin at almost all partial pressures of oxygen. This is due to ___________ and ____________ binding to hemoglobin and facilitating the unloading of O2…
increased CO2 and H+ concentrations or decreased pH (more acidic) in the blood
his component of your circulatory system has 2x the smooth muscle as veins and, in response to the endocrine system (epinephrine), can vasoconstrict or vasodilate as needed…
artery
This component of your circulatory system has one-way valves to ensure that blood flows back towards the heart…
veins
This component of your circulatory system has the greatest surface area and, subsequently, the slowest rate of blood flow…
capillary bed
This type of tissue lines our capillaries and allows for the exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, and effector cells of the immune system…
endothelial tissue
This specialized group of cells generates action potentials that initiate the heart’s contraction and cause subsequent cells to depolarize and fire action potentials…
SA node/ pacemaker
This chamber of the heart produces the greatest amount of force before sending blood out to the systemic circuit of the CS…
left ventricle
The heart delivers blood to these two circuits; one circuit returns deoxygenated blood to the heart and the other oxygenated…
systemic and pulmonary circuits
This artery connects to the heart and is the largest artery in the body …
aorta
This heart chamber receives blood from the vena cava and pumps the blood a very short distance…
right atrium
These two structures separate the atria and ventricles and are conveniently named…
right and left AV valve
This system drains our body and has been dubbed “the body’s sewer system” but is incredibly important in our fight against pathogens…
lymphatic system
This is the only vein in the body that contains fully oxygenated blood…
pulmonary vein
This structure ensures that deoxygenated blood does not return to the heart after being pumped by the right ventricle…
pulmonary valve
The heart beats rhythmically and has two phases; this phase can be heard when the ventricles contract…
systole
As blood flows through a capillary bed, these two forces determine whether fluid (with gases and nutrients) will enter or leave the capillary beds…
osmotic pressure and blood pressure
This structure releases two systemic hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin (or ADH)
posterior pituitary gland
Tropic hormones produced by this structure act on many other tissues/organs in the body, releasing hormones
anterior pituitary
This device allows us to monitor heart rate by visualizing the electrical currents that result during systole and diastole
EKG
Low vs. High amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria. It is good for long-sustained use vs. quick/fast action
differences between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers
This organ receives information from the anterior pituitary and regulates our body’s metabolic rate and temperature
thyroid
