Respiratory system Flashcards
• Respiratory System Functions
GAS EXCHANGE
O2/CO2
How is gas exchange between O2 and Co2 achieved?
Inspiration and expiration
• The respiratory and the cardiovascular systems work closely together on 4 actions
- Pulmonary ventilation – breathing
- External respiration – gas exchange between air and blood
- Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and tissue
- Gas transport – to and from lungs and tissues
What’s the relationship between O2 and ATP
In cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to form ATP.
- What is ATP
- Why do we need it
- how do we make it?
- ATP= Adenosine triphosphate- only form of energy our body can use.
- Needs to be created AS we use it (exercising) because we cannot store a lot of it
- Formed in 2 ways Aerobic and Anaerobic
Which form of ATP synthesis:
body burning nutrients when there is o2 present, generates at high rates yet limited by the amount of energy that can be release in a bout of intense exercise, Has huge capacity but has an issue with delivering energy quickly.
Aerobic
Which form of ATP synthesis:
from chemical reactions when there is not O2 available
Anaerobic
Structures in the upper respiratory tract
- Nasal Cavity
- Nostrils
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Glottis
- Epiglottis
- Larynx
Structures in the lower respiratory tract
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Lungs
- Alveoli
- Pulmonary capillaries
The upper and lower respiratory tract function is to
Clean and purify air on the way to the lungs
Path of air flow in the respiratory system
environment o2 rich air > nasal cavity > pharynx > trachea > Bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli of lungs > exchange of o2 and Co2 happens in alveoli > Co2 rich blood enters bronchi > Trachea > Nasal Cavity > environment
What is the respiratory systems first line of defense?
How does it protect us?
Mucociliary escalator
- Nasal hairs, cilia, and mucus cleanse inhaled air as it passes through the airway by trapping pathogens, pollutants, dust, bugs, etc.
- Cilia located throughout respiratory track create an upward flow expelling the pollutants
what lines the nasal cavity to clean, warm and moisten
Mucus membrane
what structure connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and is a passage way for both food and air?
“The throat”
Pharynx
3 parts of Pharynx
o Nasopharynx
o Oropharynx
o Laryngopharynx
what part of the pharynx provides the primary lymphatic tissue defense for breathing
Tonsils
- Cartilaginous passageway for air between the pharynx and trachea
- Houses the vocal cords
The larynx
separation between the vocal cords
Glottis
flap of cartilage that prevents food from passing the glottis and entering the larynx
Epiglottis
What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi
•Anterior to the esophagus
Trachea
why does the trachea have C-shaped cartilage rings?
o Creates an airway
o Allows for expansion of the esophagus
An Adams apple is made of
Thyroid cartilage
trachea divides into the left and right ______.
which branches into ______.
these divide into even smaller structures called _______ which lead to ________.
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
the right lung has ___ lobes/secondary bronchi
the left lung has ___ lobes/ secondary bronchi
R=3
L=2
The lungs are located in the ______.
Thoracic cavity
encloses the lungs to protect, moisten, provide friction absorption during respiration, and creates surface tension b/w membrane layers
Pleural membrane
Pleurisy is
inflammation of the pleurae secondary to poor secretion of pleural fluid
Explain gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries.
- The alveoli have a thin membrane that allows O2 to diffuse out of it.
- The capillaries surrounding the alveoli let the O2 in to be absorbed by a RBC via hemoglobin
- At the same time other RBCs release Co2 and it is absorbed into the alveoli and then out of the body.
how does the structure of the capillaries allows gas exchanges within the Alveoli*
- Thin walls only 1 cell thick
- capillaries surround the alveoli creating a lot of surface area.
The process of air entering and exiting the lungs
ventilation
Active phase of breathing, diaphragm and intercostals contract
Inspiration
passive phase of breathing, diaphragm and intercostals relax
Expiration
the amount of air we breathe in a relaxed state
Tidal volume
the amount of air you can move (in and out) during one breath
Vital capacity
where is the primary respiratory center that controls breathing at normal rate and volume
medulla oblongata
what nervous input can affect respiration
Cerebral cortex (thought) Limbic System (Emotions) Hypothalamus (hormones)
gas exchange in the lungs between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
External respiration
External or internal respiration?
Oxygen
- Higher concentration in the alveoli
- Diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
Carbon dioxide
- Higher concentration in the blood
- Diffuses from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli
External respiration
Gas exchange in the tissues between the blood in systemic capillaries and tissue fluids
Internal Respiration
External or internal respiration?
Oxygen
- Higher concentration in the blood
- Diffuses from the blood into the tissue fluid
Carbon dioxide
- Higher concentration in the tissue fluid
- Diffuses from the tissue fluid into the blood
Internal Respiration
How does the respiratory regulate pH
• Bicarbonate/Carbonic acid buffer system is altered by breathing
Hypoventilation= _____Co2 = _____pH = _______
o Hypoventilation = increased CO2 = decreased pH = acidosis (pH less than 7.35)
Hyperventilation= _____Co2 = _____pH = _______
o Hyperventilation = decreased CO2 = increased pH = alkalosis (pH greater than 7.45)
identify why and when breathe into a paper bag?
When you hyperventilate you have too much O2 too little CO2 which increases pH= Alkalosis. To remedy it have someone breath into paper bag to trap the CO2 and breathe it back into the body to balance the pH levels again
Effects of Aging on the respiratory tract
- Respiratory fitness decreases with age
- Maximum breathing capacities decline
- Gas exchange in the lungs becomes less efficient
- Respiratory membrane thickens
- Ciliated cells of the trachea decline in number
- Respiratory diseases are more common
how does the respiratory create homeostasis?
- Control of Blood Pressure
- Defense (mucus, cilia, tonsils, alveolar dust sacs)
