Blood, Cardiovascular, Circulatory Flashcards
Functions of Blood
Transports O2, Waste, Hormones.
Defense against Viruses, bacteria, mutated cells.
Regulates body temp, pH levels, Salt/water balance
The upper layer of blood is where you find _______. It accounts for ____% of blood volume.
Plasma,
55%
The lower layer of blood consists of ______&______.
Buffy coat & erythrocytes
Buffy coat is made of ______&_______.
And accounts for ___% of blood volume.
Leukocytes & platelets
<1%
Erythrocytes are _______ cells, and make up ____% of blood volume
Red blood cells
45%
What are the 4 components of blood?
- Plasma
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
What component of blood is 92% is water, 8% is various salts, glucose and amino acids (cell nutrients), urea (waste), hormones and proteins?
Plasma
________ helps maintain homeostasis to include infection fighting, osmotic pressure and clotting.
Plasma proteins
What component of blood helps maintain electrolyte balance?
Plasma
What are the formed elements in blood?
Red cells, white cells and platelets
What process is responsible for making all the formed elements?
What cell begins this process?
Where in the body does this process occur?
Hematopoiesis
Stem Cells
Red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, iliac crests, ends of long bones.
Stem Cells are also called _________.
they are found within __________, and form
Hemocytoblasts
Red Bone Marrow
Stem Cells are also called __________.
Hemocytoblasts
size/shape/function of erythrocytes
Small, biconcave,
transports oxygen
What is the protein that transports O2 within red blood cells?
Hemoglobin
how does hemoglobin transfer o2?
Lungs- High o2 concentration, cool temperature, high ph = Hemoglobin binds to o2.
Blood travels to tissues which have low o2, warm temp, low PH = hemoglobin release o2
• hormone that stimulates production (by kidneys and liver) and maturation of RBCs
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Blood has reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to decreased hemoglobin or decreased number of red blood cells
What condition?
Anemia
Name type of anemia that cause…..
increased rate of RBC destruction
genetic; abnormal form of hemoglobin
low iron intake
lack of vitamin B12
bone marrow damage
blood loss
Hemolytic
Sickle-cell
Iron deficiency
Pernicious
Aplastic
Hemorrhagic
name some other factors that can contribute to RBC count
- Excessive bleeding
- Hemolysis, or RBC destruction due to transfusion, blood vessel injury or other causes
- Leukemia (cancer of the blood cells)
- Malnutrition
- Pregnancy
- Certain drugs: chemotherapy drugs
what are white blood cells called?
size, and number compared to RBC
Leukocytes
Larger, not as many as RBCs
functions of leukocytes
Fighting infection
Destroying dead or dying body cells
Recognizing and killing cancerous cells
What causes WBC count to increase
Infection
reaction to a drug
disease in bone marrow
immune system disorder
True or false?
WBCs are found in the bloodstream only
False.
•Able to leave the blood stream (can form colonies in tissues)
What type of WBC…
- creates specific immunity against particular pathogens and their toxins
- Recognizes and destroys cancer cells
Lymphocytes
2 types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells
produce antibodies that will bind to antigens of pathogens (10%)
B lymphocytes
_______ evoke an immune response
Antigens
_________are proteins that neutralize antigens
Antibodies
attack and destroy any cell with a foreign antigen (75%) mature in the thymus.
T lymphocytes
Leukopenia
vs leukocytosis
Leukopenia – low WBC count
Leukocytosis – high WBC count
– viral infection; large number of abnormal lymphocytes
Mononucleosis
cancer; uncontrolled production of white blood cells
Leukemia
Platelets AKA __________,
are result of fragmented ___________
Thrombocytes
Megakaryocytes
the cessation of bleeding is
Hemostasis
3 steps of hemostasis
- Vascular Spasm (blood vessel)
- Platelet Plug Formation
- Coagulation
what stage of hemostasis?
•constriction of smooth muscle layer of a broken blood vessel
•platelets release serotonin (pain relief)
•Immediate response to a blood vessel injury
•vasoconstriction
Vascular spasm
what stage of hemostasis?
In a broken blood vessel, collagen fibers are exposed
Platelets adhere to collagen fibers and release substances that form the plug
aggregation of platelets results in a platelet plug
Platelet plug formation
what stage of hemostasis?
- blood clotting
- Requires plasma proteins fibrinogen and prothrombin
- “Fibrin Clot”
Coagulation
what happens during blood clot retraction?
- Clot gets smaller as platelets contract
- Serum (plasma -proteins) is squeezed from the clot
- Enzyme called plasmin then breaks down the fibrin network after vessel repair begins
• Blood test that measures how long it takes blood to clot
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Disorders of Hemostasis
Disorders of Hemostasis:
- Thrombocytopenia
- Thrombus
- Embolus – dislodged blood clot
- Thromboembolism
- Cerebrovascular accident
– low platelet count
– stationary blood clot
– dislodged blood clot
– dislodged clot blocks a blood vessel
–or stroke (in brain)
Blood type
universal donor
universal recipient
D- type O
R- type AB
The Cardiovascular System
Three Components:
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
The Cardiovascular System has Two Systems:
- Pulmonary Circuit (to the lungs and back to the heart)
* Systemic Circuit (to body tissues and back)
the heart is located
in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum (medial section of thoracic cavity)
Heart-Functions
Separates O2-poor blood from O2-rich blood
- Keeps blood flowing in one direction
- Creates blood pressure
- Regulates the blood supply
What is the sac the heart is enclosed in called?
How many layers?
Pericardium
3 layers
name the layer of the heart wall that…
- inner layer/lining
- made of simple squamous epithelium
- continuous with blood vessel linings
Endocardium
name the layer of the heart wall that…
- thickest
- consists of cardiac muscles
- responsible for heart beat
Myocardium
name the layer of the heart wall that…
- Visceral serous pericardium
- forms the outer surface of the heart
Epicardium
what (fluid) surrounds the heart to reduce friction while the heart beats
Pericardial Fluid
what is the connective tissue that anchors the heart to the mediastinum and holds the large blood vessels in place
Fibrous pericardium
Functions of the heart coverings
- Protect the heart
- Confine it to its location
- Prevent it from overfilling with too much fluid or too much blood flowing through chambers and valves
- Pericarditis means…
2. Endocarditis means…
- inflammation of the pericardium
2. inflammation of the endocardium
list the 4 chambers of the heart in order of blood flow and whether they carry o2 rich or o2 poor blood
R atrium/atria = O2 poor
R ventricle= O2 poor
L atrium/ atria = O2 rich
L ventricle = O2 rich
what does the interatrial septum separate?
Right/left atria
what separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular septum
the right and left chambers of the heart are separated by the _____.
how do they work together?
septa
- The two atria contract simultaneously
- The two ventricles contract simultaneously
the _____ circuit pumps blood to/from the lungs
the _____ circuit pumps blood to tissue throughout the body
Pulmonary
Systemic
____ have thin walls that pump blood into the ventricles below
Atria
____ are thicker and pump blood into blood vessels that travel to other parts of the body.
Ventricles
Thickness in R Ventricle vs L ventricle differs because…..
- Right ventricle is slightly thinner than left as it pumps blood to the lungs
- Left ventricle is thicker to enable it to pump blood to all other parts of the body
What keeps blood flowing in the same direction?
Valves
Arteries carry O2 (rich? or poor?) blood (toward or away from?) heart
O2 rich
away from heart
Veins carry O2 (rich? or poor?) blood to _____ and back.
the exception to this is the _______ veins which are o2 rich and bring blood from lungs to heart
Veins carry O2 poor blood to/from lungs.
exception= Pulmonary veins
FLOW OF BLOOD:
- O2 poor blood enters the ___ atrium via 3 vessels which are _____, _____, and ____.
- Blood passes through the right _____ valve into the right _____.
- Blood passes through the ______ valve and travel through the R & L _______ towards lungs.
- At the lungs blood drops off ____ and picks up ___ before traveling through the _____ veins back to the left _____.
- blood then goes through ____ valve and into the _____ ventricle
- Blood leaves through the ______ valve and enters the _____.
- the aorta delivers blood to the body via the left and right ________.
- Right atrium via Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, and Coronary sinus.
- Atrioventricular (AV) or Tricuspid valve into the Right ventricle.
- pulmonary semilunar valve into the right and left pulmonary arteries.
- Co2 picks up O2. Travels through pulmonary veins back to left Atrium
- Left AV/ Bicuspid/Mitral valve into the Left ventricle
- Aortic semilunar valve and enters the Aorta
- coronary arteries
echocardiogram
Ultrasound of the heart
Thickening and hardening of arterial wall is called_______.
it is the main cause of _____.
Causes?
Arteriosclerosis
Main cause of Heart attack and stroke
Causes: smoking, hypertension, diabetes
-Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries is called?
partial blockage leads to?
Warning sign of CAD is pain in chest from ischemia called?
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
ischemic heart disease
Angina Pectoris
”Heart attack” – death of myocardium is called
Myocardial Infarction MI
