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A&P I Theory > Blood, Cardiovascular, Circulatory > Flashcards

Blood, Cardiovascular, Circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Blood

A

Transports O2, Waste, Hormones.

Defense against Viruses, bacteria, mutated cells.

Regulates body temp, pH levels, Salt/water balance

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2
Q

The upper layer of blood is where you find _______. It accounts for ____% of blood volume.

A

Plasma,

55%

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3
Q

The lower layer of blood consists of ______&______.

A

Buffy coat & erythrocytes

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4
Q

Buffy coat is made of ______&_______.

And accounts for ___% of blood volume.

A

Leukocytes & platelets

<1%

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5
Q

Erythrocytes are _______ cells, and make up ____% of blood volume

A

Red blood cells

45%

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6
Q

What are the 4 components of blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)
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7
Q

What component of blood is 92% is water, 8% is various salts, glucose and amino acids (cell nutrients), urea (waste), hormones and proteins?

A

Plasma

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8
Q

________ helps maintain homeostasis to include infection fighting, osmotic pressure and clotting.

A

Plasma proteins

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9
Q

What component of blood helps maintain electrolyte balance?

A

Plasma

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10
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A

Red cells, white cells and platelets

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11
Q

What process is responsible for making all the formed elements?

What cell begins this process?

Where in the body does this process occur?

A

Hematopoiesis

Stem Cells

Red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, iliac crests, ends of long bones.

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12
Q

Stem Cells are also called _________.

they are found within __________, and form

A

Hemocytoblasts

Red Bone Marrow

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13
Q

Stem Cells are also called __________.

A

Hemocytoblasts

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14
Q

size/shape/function of erythrocytes

A

Small, biconcave,

transports oxygen

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15
Q

What is the protein that transports O2 within red blood cells?

A

Hemoglobin

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16
Q

how does hemoglobin transfer o2?

A

Lungs- High o2 concentration, cool temperature, high ph = Hemoglobin binds to o2.
Blood travels to tissues which have low o2, warm temp, low PH = hemoglobin release o2

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17
Q

• hormone that stimulates production (by kidneys and liver) and maturation of RBCs

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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18
Q

Blood has reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to decreased hemoglobin or decreased number of red blood cells
What condition?

A

Anemia

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19
Q

Name type of anemia that cause…..

 increased rate of RBC destruction

genetic; abnormal form of hemoglobin

 low iron intake

lack of vitamin B12

bone marrow damage

blood loss

A

Hemolytic

Sickle-cell

Iron deficiency

Pernicious

Aplastic

Hemorrhagic

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20
Q

name some other factors that can contribute to RBC count

A
  • Excessive bleeding
  • Hemolysis, or RBC destruction due to transfusion, blood vessel injury or other causes
  • Leukemia (cancer of the blood cells)
  • Malnutrition
  • Pregnancy
  • Certain drugs: chemotherapy drugs
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21
Q

what are white blood cells called?

size, and number compared to RBC

A

Leukocytes

Larger, not as many as RBCs

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22
Q

functions of leukocytes

A

Fighting infection
Destroying dead or dying body cells
Recognizing and killing cancerous cells

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23
Q

What causes WBC count to increase

A

Infection
reaction to a drug
disease in bone marrow
immune system disorder

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24
Q

True or false?

WBCs are found in the bloodstream only

A

False.

•Able to leave the blood stream (can form colonies in tissues)

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25
Q

What type of WBC…

  • creates specific immunity against particular pathogens and their toxins
  • Recognizes and destroys cancer cells
A

Lymphocytes

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26
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells

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27
Q

produce antibodies that will bind to antigens of pathogens (10%)

A

B lymphocytes

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28
Q

_______ evoke an immune response

A

Antigens

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29
Q

_________are proteins that neutralize antigens

A

Antibodies

30
Q

attack and destroy any cell with a foreign antigen (75%) mature in the thymus.

A

T lymphocytes

31
Q

Leukopenia

vs leukocytosis

A

Leukopenia – low WBC count

Leukocytosis – high WBC count

32
Q

– viral infection; large number of abnormal lymphocytes

A

Mononucleosis

33
Q

cancer; uncontrolled production of white blood cells

A

Leukemia

34
Q

Platelets AKA __________,

are result of fragmented ___________

A

Thrombocytes

Megakaryocytes

35
Q

the cessation of bleeding is

A

Hemostasis

36
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular Spasm (blood vessel)
  2. Platelet Plug Formation
  3. Coagulation
37
Q

what stage of hemostasis?
•constriction of smooth muscle layer of a broken blood vessel
•platelets release serotonin (pain relief)
•Immediate response to a blood vessel injury
•vasoconstriction

A

Vascular spasm

38
Q

what stage of hemostasis?
In a broken blood vessel, collagen fibers are exposed
Platelets adhere to collagen fibers and release substances that form the plug
aggregation of platelets results in a platelet plug

A

Platelet plug formation

39
Q

what stage of hemostasis?

  • blood clotting
  • Requires plasma proteins fibrinogen and prothrombin
  • “Fibrin Clot”
A

Coagulation

40
Q

what happens during blood clot retraction?

A
  • Clot gets smaller as platelets contract
  • Serum (plasma -proteins) is squeezed from the clot
  • Enzyme called plasmin then breaks down the fibrin network after vessel repair begins
41
Q

• Blood test that measures how long it takes blood to clot

A

Prothrombin Time (PT)

42
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis
Disorders of Hemostasis:

  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Thrombus
  • Embolus – dislodged blood clot
  • Thromboembolism
  • Cerebrovascular accident
A

– low platelet count

– stationary blood clot

– dislodged blood clot

– dislodged clot blocks a blood vessel

–or stroke (in brain)

43
Q

Blood type
universal donor
universal recipient

A

D- type O

R- type AB

44
Q

The Cardiovascular System

Three Components:

A

 Heart
 Blood vessels
 Blood

45
Q

The Cardiovascular System has Two Systems:

A
  • Pulmonary Circuit (to the lungs and back to the heart)

* Systemic Circuit (to body tissues and back)

46
Q

the heart is located

A

in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum (medial section of thoracic cavity)

47
Q

Heart-Functions

A

 Separates O2-poor blood from O2-rich blood

  • Keeps blood flowing in one direction
  • Creates blood pressure
  • Regulates the blood supply
48
Q

What is the sac the heart is enclosed in called?

How many layers?

A

Pericardium

3 layers

49
Q

name the layer of the heart wall that…

  • inner layer/lining
  • made of simple squamous epithelium
  • continuous with blood vessel linings
A

Endocardium

50
Q

name the layer of the heart wall that…

  • thickest
  • consists of cardiac muscles
  • responsible for heart beat
A

Myocardium

51
Q

name the layer of the heart wall that…

  • Visceral serous pericardium
  • forms the outer surface of the heart
A

Epicardium

52
Q

what (fluid) surrounds the heart to reduce friction while the heart beats

A

Pericardial Fluid

53
Q

what is the connective tissue that anchors the heart to the mediastinum and holds the large blood vessels in place

A

Fibrous pericardium

54
Q

Functions of the heart coverings

A
  • Protect the heart
  • Confine it to its location
  • Prevent it from overfilling with too much fluid or too much blood flowing through chambers and valves
55
Q
  1. Pericarditis means…

2. Endocarditis means…

A
  1. inflammation of the pericardium

2. inflammation of the endocardium

56
Q

list the 4 chambers of the heart in order of blood flow and whether they carry o2 rich or o2 poor blood

A

R atrium/atria = O2 poor
R ventricle= O2 poor
L atrium/ atria = O2 rich
L ventricle = O2 rich

57
Q

what does the interatrial septum separate?

A

Right/left atria

58
Q

what separates the right and left ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

59
Q

the right and left chambers of the heart are separated by the _____.
how do they work together?

A

septa

  • The two atria contract simultaneously
  • The two ventricles contract simultaneously
60
Q

the _____ circuit pumps blood to/from the lungs

the _____ circuit pumps blood to tissue throughout the body

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

61
Q

____ have thin walls that pump blood into the ventricles below

A

Atria

62
Q

____ are thicker and pump blood into blood vessels that travel to other parts of the body.

A

Ventricles

63
Q

Thickness in R Ventricle vs L ventricle differs because…..

A
  • Right ventricle is slightly thinner than left as it pumps blood to the lungs
  • Left ventricle is thicker to enable it to pump blood to all other parts of the body
64
Q

What keeps blood flowing in the same direction?

A

Valves

65
Q

Arteries carry O2 (rich? or poor?) blood (toward or away from?) heart

A

O2 rich

away from heart

66
Q

Veins carry O2 (rich? or poor?) blood to _____ and back.

the exception to this is the _______ veins which are o2 rich and bring blood from lungs to heart

A

Veins carry O2 poor blood to/from lungs.

exception= Pulmonary veins

67
Q

FLOW OF BLOOD:

  1. O2 poor blood enters the ___ atrium via 3 vessels which are _____, _____, and ____.
  2. Blood passes through the right _____ valve into the right _____.
  3. Blood passes through the ______ valve and travel through the R & L _______ towards lungs.
  4. At the lungs blood drops off ____ and picks up ___ before traveling through the _____ veins back to the left _____.
  5. blood then goes through ____ valve and into the _____ ventricle
  6. Blood leaves through the ______ valve and enters the _____.
  7. the aorta delivers blood to the body via the left and right ________.
A
  1. Right atrium via Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, and Coronary sinus.
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) or Tricuspid valve into the Right ventricle.
  3. pulmonary semilunar valve into the right and left pulmonary arteries.
  4. Co2 picks up O2. Travels through pulmonary veins back to left Atrium
  5. Left AV/ Bicuspid/Mitral valve into the Left ventricle
  6. Aortic semilunar valve and enters the Aorta
  7. coronary arteries
68
Q

echocardiogram

A

Ultrasound of the heart

69
Q

Thickening and hardening of arterial wall is called_______.
it is the main cause of _____.
Causes?

A

Arteriosclerosis

Main cause of Heart attack and stroke

Causes: smoking, hypertension, diabetes

70
Q

-Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries is called?

partial blockage leads to?

Warning sign of CAD is pain in chest from ischemia called?

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

ischemic heart disease

Angina Pectoris

71
Q

”Heart attack” – death of myocardium is called

A

Myocardial Infarction MI

A&P I Theory (4 decks)

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