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Physiology Of Body Systems > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the lungs?

A

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood in the pulmonary arteries: external respiration

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2
Q

What are the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • filter for blood borne substances
  • defence against inhaled substances
  • immune function
  • platelet formation
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3
Q

How many lobes are the in the right lung?

A

3

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4
Q

How many lobes and in the left lung?

A

2

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5
Q

What are the functions of the pleura?

A
  • reduction of friction
  • creation of a pressure gradient
  • compartmentalisation
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6
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

A
  1. To warm and humidify the air
  2. To distribute the gas
  3. To serve as part of the body’s defence system
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7
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Site of gas exchange

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8
Q

How much of the alveoli are covered by capillaries?

A

70-80%

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9
Q

Emphysema

A

..

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10
Q

What is the main muscle for tidal inspiration?

A

The diaphragm

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11
Q

Is expiration active or passive?

A

Passive

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12
Q

What muscles does forces expiration require?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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13
Q

Which way does air flow?

A

High pressure to low pressure

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14
Q

How does inspiration work?

A
  • active contraction of the diaphragm
  • increase in volume of the chest cavity
  • decrease in alveoli pressure
  • air flows in
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15
Q

How does expiration work?

A
  • passive relaxation of diaphragm
  • decrease in volume of chest cavity
  • increase in pressure in alveoli
  • air flows out
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16
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

760mmHg

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17
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

The atmospheric pressure of the air is made up of all of the partial pressures of gases

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18
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

At a constant temperature, pressure is inversely related to volume

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19
Q

What is Charles’s law?

A

At a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature

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20
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

The amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its partial pressure in and and solubility in water

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21
Q

What is the negative pressure of the intrapleural cavity important?

A

It keeps the lungs inflated

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22
Q

What is it called when you get a hole in your chest?

A

Pneumothorax

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23
Q

What is the effect of gravity on the pressure in the lungs?

A

The bottom of the lung has higher pressures (less negative)

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24
Q

Which forces keep the alveoli open?

A
  • trans mural pressure gradient

- surfactant

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25
Q

Which forces promote alveolar collapse?

A
  • pulmonary elasticity

- alveolar surface tension

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26
Q

How does a spirometer work?

A
  • closed system

- belt and pulls system graphs on a Spirograph depending on the volume present in the system

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27
Q

What is normal tidal volume?

A

500ml

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28
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The amount of total moveable air

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29
Q

What can’t be determined with spirometry?

A

Residual volume and functional residual capacity

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30
Q

What is the average total lung capacity?

A

6L

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31
Q

How do you determine functional residual volume?

A

Helium method

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32
Q

How does the helium method work?

A
  • known concentration of helium inside a container
  • person expires normally so that what’s left in the lungs is the functional residual capacity
  • use the equation: FRC= (C1xV1)/C2 - V1
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33
Q

What are determinants of lung volume?

A
  • height
  • gender
  • disease: restrictive LD, decrease in LV
  • altitude: increased lung capacity to compensate for lower pp of oxygen
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34
Q

How do you determine pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • total volume of air ventilated x br/min
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35
Q

What is the typical amount of breaths per minute?

A

12

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36
Q

What is the normal dead space?

A

150ml

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37
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

VA= (VT-150) x bf

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38
Q

What is lung compliance?

A
  • the ease with which the lungs can be inflated
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39
Q

How does lung volume affect compliance?

A
  • high volume: low compliance

- low volume: high compliance

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40
Q

How does disease affect compliance?

A
  • obstructive lung disease: decrease

- restrictive: increase due to stretched elastic tissue because of trapped air

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41
Q

How does asthma increase lung residual volume?

A

Air gets trapped, stretches elastic tissue

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42
Q

How does surface tension decrease alveolar diameter?

A
  • liquid air interface

- water molecules in the cells create and inwardly directed force

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43
Q

Which size alveoli are greater pressures found?

A

Smaller

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44
Q

What would happen in there was no surfactant?

A

Air would take a preferential path to larger alveoli

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45
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Lipoprotein

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46
Q

What secretes surfactant?

A

Type 2 alveolar cells

47
Q

How does surfactant work?

A

Lines the interface between the water and air

Water molecules are moved apart

48
Q

Where does surfactant have the greatest effect?

A

Smaller alveoli

49
Q

The ___________ the airway diameter the ___________ greater effect it’s has on flow

A

Smaller, greater

50
Q

Where is the highest resistance found?

A

Medium bronchi

51
Q

What affects resistance?

A

Airway secretions
Airway diameter
Lung volume (ie forced expiration)

52
Q

When can the intrapleural pressure become positive?

A

During forced expiration

53
Q

What is dynamic airway compression?

A

When the pressure in the interpleural cavity is greater than the pressure in the respiratory passage way - airway constriction

54
Q

What is a feature of the flow volume plot?

A

At a point after PEF, flow is effort independent

Linear on the graph

55
Q

What is a restrictive lung disease?

A

Something is wrong with the lung tissues and the lung operates at lower volumes
More energy needed to inhale

56
Q

What is an obstructive lung disease?

A

Resistance to airflow

57
Q

Obstructive lung disease volumes

A
  • takes longer to inhale and exhale

- increased residual volume

58
Q

Obstructive lung disease volumes

A

Lung volumes smaller

Doesn’t affect flow rates

59
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells for breathing?

A

Pre-Botzinger complex, generates spontaneous action potentials

60
Q

What does the Pre-Botzinger complex stimulate?

A

DRG

61
Q

How long does the PBC activate the DRG for?

A

2 seconds - diaphragm contracts

3 seconds inactive - diaphragm relaxes

62
Q

Is the ventral respiratory group active or inactive during tidal breathing?

A

Inactive

63
Q

How is the ventral respiratory group stimulated?

A
  • forced inspiration -> activates ventral respiratory group for forced expiration
64
Q

When is the ventral respiratory group important?

A

Excercise

65
Q

What does the pneumotaxic centre do?

A
  • switches off inspiratore neurons in DRG via inhibitory signals
  • limits duration of inspiration
  • increases breath frequency
66
Q

What does the apneustic centre do?

A

Sends stimulatory signals to the inspiratore area of the DRG - > extra boost to inspiratore drive

67
Q

What controls respiratory centre activity?

A

Chemical control
Exercise
Voluntary control
Defensive reflexes

68
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A
  • bilateral paired groups of cells
  • below ventral surface of medulla
  • responds to changes in H+
69
Q

Does H+ or CO2 move into the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

CO2

70
Q

What are the central chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

71
Q

Oxygen has to drop _____________ before there is activation in the peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Significantly

72
Q

What is the normal PaO2?

A

100mmHg

73
Q

At what PaO2 do the peripheral chemoreceptors start responding?

A

60-30mmHg

74
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

Low levels of CO2 in the blood

75
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High levels of CO2 in the blood

76
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low levels of oxygen in the tissues

77
Q

What is hyperoxia?

A

Excess supply of oxygen to tissues

78
Q

What are some possible mechanisms that increase ventilation during exercise?

A
  • higher cortical centres
  • proprioception
  • increased body temperature
  • increased sensitivity of chemoreceptors
79
Q

How is breathing voluntarily controlled?

A
  • signals from the cerebral cortex bypass the brain stem

- can override normal breathing rhythm

80
Q

What is the break point of breath holding?

A

55mmHg of CO2

81
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

A
  • lung inspiration to larger than normal levels signals to limit inspiration
  • receptors: pulmonary stretch receptors in smooth muscle layer in conducting airways
  • prevents overinflation of lungs
82
Q

What is the irritant receptor reflex?

A
  • receptors lie between airway epithelial cells
  • response to irritation of airways by touch or noxious substances
  • stimulates excitatory responses such as coughing, gasping
83
Q

What is the normal fraction of nitrogen in the air?

A

0.7862

84
Q

What is the normal fraction of oxygen in the air?

A

0.2084

85
Q

What is the normal fraction of CO2 in the air?

A

0.0004

86
Q

What is the normal fraction of water in the air?

A

0.005

87
Q

What factors affect diffusion capacity?

A
  1. Surface area
  2. Thickness
  3. Partial pressure gradient
  4. Diffusion coefficient
88
Q

What is the partial pressure of water when air is humidified?

A

47mmHg

89
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood and then the alveoli?

A

40mmHg

90
Q

What is the consumption of oxygen per minute?

A

250ml/min

91
Q

What does alveolar Po2 depend on?

A
  • how much oxygen the body consumes

- alveolar ventilation

92
Q

What is the normal alveolar partial pressure of O2?

A

100mmHg

93
Q

How much CO2 is produced per minute at rest?

A

200ml

94
Q

What is the thickness of the respiratory membrane?

A

0.6 micrometers

95
Q

What is the diffusion gradient of CO2?

A

45 -> 40mmHg

96
Q

What is the diffusion gradient of O2?

A

100 -> 40mmHg

97
Q

How does carbon dioxide get away with having such a small concentration gradient?

A

It is more soluble that oxygen

98
Q

What does diffusion coefficient depend on?

A
  • solubility and molecular weight
99
Q

How much more soluble is CO2 than oxygen?

A

20x

100
Q

How quickly does saturation of oxygen occur?

A

Within the first 3rd of the capillary (0.25sec)

101
Q

What is the transient time of a RBC in a capillary?

A

0.75sec

102
Q

What happens in each binding of an oxygen to haemoglobin?

A

It increases the affinity of the next oxygen

103
Q

How much oxygen is transported by haemoglobin?

A

98.5%

104
Q

How much oxygen is transported as a dissolved gas?

A

1.5%

105
Q

What facilitates offloading of O2 and shifts the curve to the right?

A
  • excercise

- increase in PCO2

106
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Under acidic conditions, oxygen offloading is promoted

107
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A
  • dissolved gas (5%)
  • carbamino haemoglobin (5%)
  • bicarbonate ion (90%)
108
Q

What catalyses the reaction between CO2 and water?

A

Carbonic anhydrase in the RBCs

109
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

When a bicarbonate ion leaves they RBC, a chloride ion moves in to compensate for the loss of negative charge

110
Q

What is the formula for the RQ?

A

Rate of CO2 output/rate of oxygen uptake

111
Q

What is the typical RQ?

A

0.8

112
Q

What is normal residual volume?

A

1200ml

113
Q

What is normal ERV?

A

700-1200ml

114
Q

What is normal IRV?

A

1900-3000ml

Physiology Of Body Systems (7 decks)

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