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Physiology Of Body Systems > Nervous And Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Nervous And Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis feedback loop

A

Deviation -> sensor -> integrator -> effector -> compensatory response -> homeostasis

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2
Q

ANS homeostasis feedback loop

A

Physiological/environmental change -> sensory neurons (sensory information) -> CNS (hypothalamus & brainstem, activation of ANS) -> muscle contraction or relaxation, activation or inhibition of secretion from glands -> physiological response

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3
Q

What are the advantages of a 2 neuron train?

A
  • one preganglionic neuron can synapse into many postganglionic neurons
  • one preganglionic neuron can synapse into both inhibitory and excitatory neurons
  • information from sensory axons can have a direct rapid reflex effect on output
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4
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • enteric
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5
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate from?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions

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6
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerves originate from?

A

Brain and sacral region

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7
Q

What are the relative lengths of preganglionic neurons?

A

Sympathetic: short
Parasympathetic: long

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8
Q

What effect does the sympathetic NS have on the heart?

A
  • increased contractility on the presence of noradrenaline
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9
Q

What effect does the sympathetic NS have on veins and arteries?

A
  • construction of arteriole and venous smooth muscle

- increased blood pressure

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10
Q

What effect does the sympathetic NS have on the pupil?

A
  • pupils dilate to let more light in and adjust for far vision
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11
Q

What effect does the sympathetic NS have on the airway smooth muscle?

A

Relaxation of airway muscle

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12
Q

What effect does the sympathetic NS have on the sweat glands?

A

Increased sweating

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13
Q

What is a chromaffin cell?

A

A modified post ganglion is neuron

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14
Q

Which hormones does the chromaffin cell secrete?

A

Adrenaline: 80%
Noradrenaline: 20%

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15
Q

Which organ does not receive both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation?

A

Blood vessels - generally only receive sympathetic nerve fibres

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16
Q

What is an example of where sympathetic and parasympathetic do not have antagonistic effects?

A

Salivary glands: both will stimulate the secretion of saliva

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17
Q

What happens in the cold water immersion?

A
  1. Dive reflex: facial immersion stimulates mechano and thermoreceptors and activates the parasympathetic NS, results in bradycardia which is further increased by breathholding
  2. The cold shock response: immersion stimulates cutaneous cold receptors on the rest of the body which activates the sympathetic ANS resulting in tachycardia
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18
Q

What are the 2 reflexes in a cold water immersion?

A

Dive reflex

Cold shock response

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19
Q

Which neurotransmitter and receptor are involved in all preganglionic to postganglionic synapses?

A

ACh, cholinergic nicotinismo receptors

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20
Q

How are circulating catecholamines broken down in the liver?

A

Inactivated by catechol-o-methyltransferase

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21
Q

How is NA broken down?

A

Rapidly re-sequestered by the sympathetic nerves

May be the broken down by monoamine oxidase

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22
Q

How is acetylcholine broken down?

A

Extracellular acetylcholinesterases

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23
Q

What are the noradrenaline receptors?

A

Alpha 1 & 2, beta 1 & 2

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24
Q

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

A
  • named after the agonist muscarine
  • found on target cell innervates by the parasympathetic branch
  • blocked by atropine
25
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

A
  • named after agonist nicotine

- are found on post ganglionic target cells and skeletal muscle cells (somatic’

26
Q

Alpha 1 receptors

A
  • vein/arteriole smooth muscle
  • contraction
  • stimulatory
  • higher for NA
27
Q

Alpha 2 receptors

A
  • endocrine pancreas
  • inhibits insulin release
  • inhibitory
  • higher for NA
28
Q

Beta 1 receptors

A
  • heart
  • increases rate and force
  • stimulatory
  • similar affinity
29
Q

Beta 2 receptors

A
  • airway smooth muscle
  • relaxation
  • inhibitory
  • much higher for ADR
30
Q

What are the three types of hormones?

A
  1. Peptide and protein
  2. Steroid
  3. Hormones derived from tyrosine
31
Q

Which hormones are derived from tyrosine?

A

Catecholamines, thyroid hormone

32
Q

What is the posterior pituitary also known as?

A

Neurophypophysis

33
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A
  • oxytocin

- ADH

34
Q

Oxytocin hormone sensory stimuli

A

Stretch receptors

35
Q

What is the target tissue of oxytocin?

A

Breast myoendothelial cells

36
Q

What is the anterior pituitary also known as?

A

Adenohypophysis

37
Q

What are the hypophysiotrophic hormones?

A
  • GnRH
  • GHRH
  • SS
  • TRH
  • DA
  • CRH
38
Q

What is the result of the cold water immersion?

A
  • results in 2 opposing influences acting on the heart simultaneously
  • arrhythmia
39
Q

What does growth hormone releasing hormone do?

A

Stimulates growth hormone secretion

40
Q

What does corticotrophin releasing hormone do?

A

Stimulates adrenocorticotrophic hormone secretion

41
Q

What does thyrotropin releasing hormone do?

A

Stimulates the secretion of prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone

42
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Inhibits the release of prolactin

43
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits the release of TSH and GH

44
Q

What does gonadotrophin releasing hormone do?

A

Stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH

45
Q

Where is cortisol secreted from?

A

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

46
Q

How much cortisol is secreted per day?

A

10mg

47
Q

When are minimum levels of cortisol found?

A

Midnight

48
Q

When are maximum levels of cortisol found?

A

Early morning

49
Q

What is the main effect of cortisol?

A

Increased serum glucose

50
Q

How does cortisol increase serum glucose?

A
  • increased gluconeogenesis in the liver
  • decreases peripheral glucose utilisation (antagonises insulin, but muscle, brain and heart gave insulin-independent glucose uptake)
51
Q

What are other effects of cortisol during stress?

A
  • activates lypolysis
  • suppresses reproductive, immune and digestive function via the sympathetic nervous system
  • promotes analgesia -> don’t feel as much pain
  • increases vascular response to catecholamines
52
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Overproduction of cortisol

53
Q

What are the potential causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  1. Oversecretion of CRH by hypothalamic tumor
  2. Over secretion of ACTH by ATCH secreting pituitary tumor
  3. Negative feedback problems: CRH/ACTH secretion insensitive to raised cortisol levels
54
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease?

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • central obesity
  • thinning of skin and bruising
  • muscle wasting
55
Q

What is the treatment for Cushing’s disease?

A

Removal of the usually benign tumor

56
Q

How does cortisol increase gluconeogenesis?

A
  • inhibits amino acid uptake everywhere apart from the liver

- promotes the breakdown of muscle to amino acids

57
Q

What are the levels of the adrenal glands and what do they secrete?

A

Zona fasciculata: adrenal cortex - secretes cortisol

Andrenal medulla: chromaffin cells - catecholamines

58
Q

What are some stresses that increase the levels cortisol?

A

Hypoglycaemia, fever, trauma, haemorrhage

Physiology Of Body Systems (7 decks)

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