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Physiology Of Body Systems > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • deliver of oxygen, glucose and other nutrients to active tissues
  • removal of carbon dioxide, lactate and other waste products from active tissues
  • transport of metabolites and other substances to and from storage sites
  • transport of hormones, antibodies and other substances to site of action
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2
Q

How much of body weight is water?

A

Males: 60%
Females: 50%

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid percentages

A

ICF: 2/3
ECF: 1/3

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4
Q

What percentage of body mass is the blood?

A

6-8%

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5
Q

How many litres of blood does a person usually have?

A

5L

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6
Q

Where are blood cells made?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells

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7
Q

How much of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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8
Q

How much of the blood is cells?

A

45%

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9
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A
  • delivers oxygen to the body

- comes from the left side of the heart

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10
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • gains oxygen from the lungs

- comes from the right side of the heart

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11
Q

What factors influence cardiac output?

A
  • heart rate

- stroke volume

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12
Q

What is the typical heart rate?

A

70 bpm

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13
Q

What is the typical stroke volume?

A

70-80ml

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14
Q

What is the typical cardiac output?

A

5-5.5L

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15
Q

What is the typical diastolic pressure?

A

80mmHg

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16
Q

What is the typical systolic pressure?

A

120mmHg

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17
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Law?

A

“Within physiological limited the heart pumps all the blood it receives”

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18
Q

How does the Frank-Starling law work?

A

Increased venous return stretches the ventricles and increases force production until cardiac output matches venous return

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19
Q

What electrical event happens at the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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20
Q

What electrical event happens at the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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21
Q

What electrical event happens at the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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22
Q

What are some positive chronotropic agents?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline on B-adrenergic receptors

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23
Q

What is a negative chronotropic agent?

A

Acetylcholine on M-cholinergic receptors

24
Q

What can an EKG detect?

A
  • heart rate
  • conduction in the heart
  • arrhythmias
25
How do valves work?
- prevent back flow | - blood that flows back is collected in the cups and pushes lips of the valve closed
26
How long does filling of the ventricles take?
1/3 of diastole
27
What are some vasoconstrictors?
- oxygen (except pulmonary)
28
What are some vasodilators?
- CO2 (except pulmonary) - K+ (in small amounts) - adenosine - H+
29
How do elastic arteries maintain blood flow during diastole?
- the arteries contain elastic tissue - the elastic tissue stores potential energy - elastic potential energy pushes blood out of the arteries as it is converted into elastic tissue
30
What is the function of venous valves?
Create a one way flow and prevent back flow of blood
31
How does sympathetic tone alter venous capacitance and venous return?
- contraction reduces capacitance - veins hold less blood - increases venous return
32
Typical venous pressure
<10mmHg
33
Typical pulmonary arterial pressure
22/8mmHg
34
What blood vessels make up microcirculation?
- arteriole - metarterioles (bigger than capillaries and have some smooth muscle) - precapillary sphincters - arteriovenous bypass - venule
35
How are different substances transported across the capillary wall?
- trans cellular - paracellular (between fenestrations) - active or passive - bulk flow or diffusion
36
What is the Starling Equilibrium?
- hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary pushes plasma out - plasma proteins stay in the capillary so total solute concentration is higher in the plasma that in the interstitial fluid - colloidal osmotic pressure pulls interstitial fluid in
37
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
- takes interstitial fluid back into circulation | - lymphatic transport is un the peristaltic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymph vessel wall
38
How do changes in arteriole resistance distributes cardiac output?
Total perfusion through all the systemic vascular beds is equal to cardiac output
39
How do intropic agents affect the cardiac function curve?
Move the curve upwards
40
Cardiac function graph
Y-axis: stroke volume X-axis: left ventricular end-diastolic pressure Proportional relationship
41
What is the colloid osmotic pressure?
26mmHg
42
What increases filtration in the capillary?
- vasodilation - arterial hypertension - venous hypertension - increased plasma leakage - plasma protein deficiency
43
What increases absorption at the capillary?
- vasoconstriction - arterial hypotension - venous hypotension - dehydration - haemorrhage
44
Does the brain constrict during exercise due to sympathetics?
No, because of the blood brain barrier it doesn’t constrict and there are very few sympathetic nerves running to blood vessels in the brain
45
What happens to coronary blood flow during exercise?
Coronary vessels don’t respond to adrenaline and there are very few sympathetic nerves running to them
46
What are the two major inotropic agents?
Adrenaline | Sympathetic nerve stimulation
47
Central ischemic response
- initiated by blood pressures below 60mmHg - CIR mimics the Baroreceptor reflex but much more potent - CIR can elevate blood pressures about 200mmHg and block blood flow to all organs apart from the heart, lungs and brain
48
Baroreceptors
- pressure receptors in the carotid and aortic arteries | - carotid receptors are more sensitive
49
What happens to veins when we stand up?
- venous return drops because the veins are very floppy | - pressure inside the veins increases because they have a big weight of water pushing on them
50
What is the effect of ADH on blood vessels?
- vasoconstriction - increased total peripheral resistance - increased blood pressure
51
Vascular Baroreceptor reflex
Reduced arterial blood pressure decreases Baroreceptor activity: - increased vasotone: elevated total peripheral resistance - increase venous tone: increased venous return, increased stroke volume and cardiac output Therefore increased blood pressure
52
Cardiac Baroreceptor refex
Reduced arterial blood pressure, decreased Baroreceptor activity: - decreased parasympathetic tone to the heart: increased Hr - increased sympathetic tone to heart: increased heart rate, increased contractility and stroke volume Therefore increased cardiac output and blood pressure
53
What nervous input does the heart receive at rest?
Sympathetic to ventricles | Parasympathetic to sinoatrial node
54
What determines perfusion through an organ?
Arteriolar resistance
54
Where is peak resistance?
Arteriole should
55
Why is there lower pressure in the pulmonary circuit?
Lower total resistance in pulmonary circuit

Physiology Of Body Systems (7 decks)

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