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Physiology Of Body Systems > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • deliver of oxygen, glucose and other nutrients to active tissues
  • removal of carbon dioxide, lactate and other waste products from active tissues
  • transport of metabolites and other substances to and from storage sites
  • transport of hormones, antibodies and other substances to site of action
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2
Q

How much of body weight is water?

A

Males: 60%
Females: 50%

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid percentages

A

ICF: 2/3
ECF: 1/3

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4
Q

What percentage of body mass is the blood?

A

6-8%

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5
Q

How many litres of blood does a person usually have?

A

5L

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6
Q

Where are blood cells made?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells

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7
Q

How much of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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8
Q

How much of the blood is cells?

A

45%

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9
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A
  • delivers oxygen to the body

- comes from the left side of the heart

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10
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • gains oxygen from the lungs

- comes from the right side of the heart

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11
Q

What factors influence cardiac output?

A
  • heart rate

- stroke volume

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12
Q

What is the typical heart rate?

A

70 bpm

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13
Q

What is the typical stroke volume?

A

70-80ml

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14
Q

What is the typical cardiac output?

A

5-5.5L

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15
Q

What is the typical diastolic pressure?

A

80mmHg

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16
Q

What is the typical systolic pressure?

A

120mmHg

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17
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Law?

A

“Within physiological limited the heart pumps all the blood it receives”

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18
Q

How does the Frank-Starling law work?

A

Increased venous return stretches the ventricles and increases force production until cardiac output matches venous return

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19
Q

What electrical event happens at the P wave?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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20
Q

What electrical event happens at the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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21
Q

What electrical event happens at the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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22
Q

What are some positive chronotropic agents?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline on B-adrenergic receptors

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23
Q

What is a negative chronotropic agent?

A

Acetylcholine on M-cholinergic receptors

24
Q

What can an EKG detect?

A
  • heart rate
  • conduction in the heart
  • arrhythmias
25
Q

How do valves work?

A
  • prevent back flow

- blood that flows back is collected in the cups and pushes lips of the valve closed

26
Q

How long does filling of the ventricles take?

A

1/3 of diastole

27
Q

What are some vasoconstrictors?

A
  • oxygen (except pulmonary)
28
Q

What are some vasodilators?

A
  • CO2 (except pulmonary)
  • K+ (in small amounts)
  • adenosine
  • H+
29
Q

How do elastic arteries maintain blood flow during diastole?

A
  • the arteries contain elastic tissue
  • the elastic tissue stores potential energy
  • elastic potential energy pushes blood out of the arteries as it is converted into elastic tissue
30
Q

What is the function of venous valves?

A

Create a one way flow and prevent back flow of blood

31
Q

How does sympathetic tone alter venous capacitance and venous return?

A
  • contraction reduces capacitance
  • veins hold less blood
  • increases venous return
32
Q

Typical venous pressure

A

<10mmHg

33
Q

Typical pulmonary arterial pressure

A

22/8mmHg

34
Q

What blood vessels make up microcirculation?

A
  • arteriole
  • metarterioles (bigger than capillaries and have some smooth muscle)
  • precapillary sphincters
  • arteriovenous bypass
  • venule
35
Q

How are different substances transported across the capillary wall?

A
  • trans cellular
  • paracellular (between fenestrations)
  • active or passive
  • bulk flow or diffusion
36
Q

What is the Starling Equilibrium?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary pushes plasma out
  • plasma proteins stay in the capillary so total solute concentration is higher in the plasma that in the interstitial fluid
  • colloidal osmotic pressure pulls interstitial fluid in
37
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

A
  • takes interstitial fluid back into circulation

- lymphatic transport is un the peristaltic contraction of smooth muscle in the lymph vessel wall

38
Q

How do changes in arteriole resistance distributes cardiac output?

A

Total perfusion through all the systemic vascular beds is equal to cardiac output

39
Q

How do intropic agents affect the cardiac function curve?

A

Move the curve upwards

40
Q

Cardiac function graph

A

Y-axis: stroke volume
X-axis: left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
Proportional relationship

41
Q

What is the colloid osmotic pressure?

A

26mmHg

42
Q

What increases filtration in the capillary?

A
  • vasodilation
  • arterial hypertension
  • venous hypertension
  • increased plasma leakage
  • plasma protein deficiency
43
Q

What increases absorption at the capillary?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • arterial hypotension
  • venous hypotension
  • dehydration
  • haemorrhage
44
Q

Does the brain constrict during exercise due to sympathetics?

A

No, because of the blood brain barrier it doesn’t constrict and there are very few sympathetic nerves running to blood vessels in the brain

45
Q

What happens to coronary blood flow during exercise?

A

Coronary vessels don’t respond to adrenaline and there are very few sympathetic nerves running to them

46
Q

What are the two major inotropic agents?

A

Adrenaline

Sympathetic nerve stimulation

47
Q

Central ischemic response

A
  • initiated by blood pressures below 60mmHg
  • CIR mimics the Baroreceptor reflex but much more potent
  • CIR can elevate blood pressures about 200mmHg and block blood flow to all organs apart from the heart, lungs and brain
48
Q

Baroreceptors

A
  • pressure receptors in the carotid and aortic arteries

- carotid receptors are more sensitive

49
Q

What happens to veins when we stand up?

A
  • venous return drops because the veins are very floppy

- pressure inside the veins increases because they have a big weight of water pushing on them

50
Q

What is the effect of ADH on blood vessels?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increased total peripheral resistance
  • increased blood pressure
51
Q

Vascular Baroreceptor reflex

A

Reduced arterial blood pressure decreases Baroreceptor activity:

  • increased vasotone: elevated total peripheral resistance
  • increase venous tone: increased venous return, increased stroke volume and cardiac output

Therefore increased blood pressure

52
Q

Cardiac Baroreceptor refex

A

Reduced arterial blood pressure, decreased Baroreceptor activity:

  • decreased parasympathetic tone to the heart: increased Hr
  • increased sympathetic tone to heart: increased heart rate, increased contractility and stroke volume

Therefore increased cardiac output and blood pressure

53
Q

What nervous input does the heart receive at rest?

A

Sympathetic to ventricles

Parasympathetic to sinoatrial node

54
Q

What determines perfusion through an organ?

A

Arteriolar resistance

54
Q

Where is peak resistance?

A

Arteriole should

55
Q

Why is there lower pressure in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Lower total resistance in pulmonary circuit

Physiology Of Body Systems (7 decks)

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