Respiratory System

Question 1

Cellular Respiration equation

Answer 1

o2 + glucose = co2 + h20 + energy

Question 2

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 2

the process of breaking sugar into a form that the cell can use as energy. The process take in food and uses it to create ATP (chemical)

Question 3

State the functions of this system?

Answer 3

The main function is gas exchange.
Homeostasis - maintains pH so blood doesn’t become acidic
Allows us to speak and smell

Question 4

Define gas exchange

Answer 4

the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream, and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs and out of the body

Question 5

What does this system do to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 5

maintains the pH so blood doesn’t become acidic and therefore dangerous

Question 6

Where and how does gas exchange occur?

Answer 6

the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) by passive diffusion

Question 7

What is passive diffusion?

Answer 7

movement of any substance to an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 8

How does breathing aid gas exchange?

Answer 8

continually renewing the air in the lungs

Question 9

How does perfusion (blood supply to the lungs) aid gas exchange?

Answer 9

Perfusion of the lungs aids gas exchange by removing blood rich in oxygen and supplying blood rich in co2.

Question 10

Describe the 7 step repetitive process of gas exchange and transport around the body

Answer 10

1 - breathing
2 - gas exchange
3 - gas transport
4 - gas exchange
backwards
5 - gas transport
6 - gas exchange
7 - breathing

Question 11

Two lungs are enclosed within the…

Answer 11

thoracic cage

Question 12

What does the thoracic cage hold?

Answer 12

ribs, sternum, vertebral column

Question 13

How many lobes make up the left lung?

Answer 13

2 lobes

Question 14

How many lobes make up the right lung?

Answer 14

3 lobes

Question 15

Name the pleura membranes in the lung

Answer 15

‘visceral’ and ‘parietal’

Question 16

The pleura is 1 membrane folded to create 2, that lines the lungs and the inside of the chest wall. True or False?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What does the visceral pleura do?

Answer 17

lines the lungs

Question 18

What does the parietal pleura do?

Answer 18

lines the inside of the chest wall

Question 19

The two pleura are continuous forming..

Answer 19

the pleural cavity

Question 20

Tiny spaces in the the membranes is filled with lubricant called..

Answer 20

pleural fluid

Question 21

What fluid lines the pleural cavity to allow the two layers to slide past one another when we breathe?

Answer 21

Serous fluid

Question 22

What 3 things are in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 22

Nose, Pharynx (throat), Larynx (voice box)

Question 23

What 4 things are in the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 23

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli

Question 24

What is most of the airways lined with, apart from the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)?

Answer 24

ciliated epithelium 
(epithelium = tissue)

Question 25

What do goblet cells secrete?

Answer 25

mucus which traps dust particles

Question 26

Describe inhalation of breath

Answer 26

• volume of chest capacity increases
• this causes the pressure to decrease
• air is drawn into the lungs

Question 27

Describe the exhalation of breath

Answer 27

• volume of chest capacity decreases
• pressure increases
• air is pushed out of the lugs

Question 28

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

Answer 28

Oxygen is carried by haemoglobin in red blood cells. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin - this is a reversible reaction when the blood offloads the oxygen at organs/large tissues

Question 29

How many oxygen molecules can be carried by haemoglobin?

Answer 29

4

Question 30

State the 3 ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

Answer 30

• gas dissolves in the plasma (10%)
• combines with haemoglobin forming carbaminohaemoglobin (30%)
• carried as a bicarbonate ion (charge particle) in the blood (60%)

Question 31

When breathing what happens during inhalation?

Answer 31

nerve impulse are sent from respiratory centres (in the brain) to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles which contract

Question 32

When breathing what happens during exhalation?

Answer 32

the nerve impulses switch off, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, the passive recoil of lungs and chest wall bring about exhalation

Question 33

What alters the regulation of breathing?

Answer 33

Chemoreceptors - nerve cells endings which detect the concentration of chemicals

Question 34

Why is there a need for increased oxygen during pregnancy?

Answer 34

increased metabolic needs of the maternal body and veto-placental unit. Foetus and placenta as a whole new organ

Question 35

Why does breathing become more thoracic rather than abdominal in pregnancy?

Answer 35

increased diaphragmatic movement

Question 36

What is the effect of pregnancy progesterone on this system?

Answer 36

Increases ‘carbon anhydrase’ in red cells facilities co2 transfer. This creates a mild respiratory alkalosis (alkaline pH) which aids for gas exchange across the placenta

Question 37

How does progesterone offer greater airway flow when pregnant?

Answer 37

Progesterone relaxes the muscles to decrease airway resistance (up to 50%) - reduces the work of breathing and facilities greater airway flow

Question 38

How much does inhalation capacity increase throughout pregnancy?

Answer 38

300ml

Question 39

How much does expiration capacity increase throughout pregnancy?

Answer 39

200ml

Question 40

In pregnancy oxygen consumption increases by ….% and alveolar ventilation increases by ….%

Answer 40

16%

50%