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FMP1 A&P > Blood and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood and Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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2
Q

The pulmonary artery…

A

…carries blood from the right ventricle

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3
Q

The aorta artery…

A

…carries blood from the left ventricle

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4
Q

Explain the process of diffusion regarding capillaries

A

capillaries enable diffusion of gasses and solutes - into and out of the blood, occurs in all tissues

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5
Q

Describe capillaries

A

they’re tiny and the walls are only one cell thick.

substances are able to diffuse through the walls into tissues.

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6
Q

Describe arteries

A

they are tick walled vessels, their walls have to withstand blood which is sometimes exerting a high pressure

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7
Q

There are 3 layers to the artery, vein and capillary; they are

A

outer layer - tunica adventitia
middle layer - tunica media
inner layer - tunica intima

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8
Q

What are arterioles?

A

very small arteries that deliver blood to the capillary beds

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9
Q

What’s the role of arterioles?

A

Have a key role in regulating blood flow to different organs.
e.g. during emergence such as blood loos, they can constrict which reduces blood flow to some less essential areas such as the skin. More blood is then available for essential organs such as the heart, lungs, brain and skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Describe the pulse and how it can be felt

A

the pulse can be felt where the artery flows close to the body surface.
it is a wave or pulse of blood due to expansion of the artery during ventricular contraction.

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11
Q

Explain semilunar valves within veins

A

Veins have semilunar valves which prevent back flow of blood. Valves made from folds of tunica intima (inner layer)

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12
Q

What are ‘venules’?

A

They’re very small veins; blood flows from arteries into capillaries then into venules then veins which carry blood back to the heart.

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13
Q

Capillaries are ‘exchange vessels’ - what does this mean?

A

The only blood vessels through which nutrients, gasses, waste from tissues etc can enter or leave the blood

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14
Q

Venous return is aided by 4 factors which are:

A
  1. circulating blood volume
  2. skeletal muscular pump
  3. respiratory pump
  4. venoconstriction
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15
Q

Circulating blood volume does what?

A

Less blood, less pressure in certain area

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16
Q

How does skeletal muscular pumping work?

A

a. contraction of skeletal muscles
b. leg muscles contracts vein compressed, valve below compressed section of vein closes. Blood in compressed section flows towards heart.
c. when muscle relaxes, blood pressure below the closed valve.

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17
Q

How does respiratory pump work?

A

During inhalation diaphragm moves down, abdominal veins compressed ^ pressure, combined with negative pressure in thoracic cavity draws blood towards the heart as fluid flows down the pressure gradient towards region of lower pressure

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18
Q

Venoconstriction

A

Constriction of veins limited as less muscle than arteries but still occurs

19
Q

Define blood

A

Blood is a highly specialised, complex, mobile connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended in a non-living fluid matrix called plasma

20
Q

Describe blood

A
  • red in colour
  • dense and stickier than water
  • slightly alkaline pH
  • temp 38 degrees C
21
Q

State the 3 functions of blood

A

transportation
protection
regulation

22
Q

Explain the bloods function of ‘transportation’

A
  • oxygen from lungs, CO2 from the cells
  • nutrients from the gastrointestinal system to cells
  • heat and waste products away from cells
  • hormone from the endocrine system to other cells
23
Q

Explain the bloods function of ‘protection’

A
  • blood clotting in response in injury, prevents blood loss

- contains proteins to protect against disease

24
Q

Explain the bloods function of ‘regulation’

A
  • pH of body fluids

- involved in temp. regulation - osmotic pressure

25
Q

The two main components of blood are:

A
  • 55% blood plasma

- 45% formed elements - red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

26
Q

What is plasma?

A

Straw coloured liquid which consists of:

  • 91.5% water
  • 7% plasma proteins
  • albumins help to maintain osmotic pressure
  • antibodies
  • fibrinogen for formation of blood clots
27
Q

Name the 5 types of white blood cell

A 
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils
28
Q

Describe platelets

A

Cell fragments which are disc shaped and have no nucleus

29
Q

What does a platelet do?

A

When blood vessels are damaged the platelets form a platelet plug.
Contain chemicals that promote clotting

30
Q

3 stages to stop bleeding when blood vessels injured

A
  • vasoplasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • blood clotting
31
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

32
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A system of vessels that carry fluid from the tissues, clean it and return it to the blood stream

33
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Filter lymphatic fluid, nodes contain many immune cells so immune response is rapid

34
Q

What does fluid flow through in the lymphatic system?

A

Lympthnodes

35
Q

What do capillaries do in the lymphatic system?

A

Drain excess fluid from the tissues

36
Q

What determines your blood group?

A

The presence or absence of various antigens

37
Q

Why does your blood react with blood that’s not compatible with ours?

A

Because you’re more likely to have antibodies for antigens your red blood cells lack

38
Q

Define microbe

A

a microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation
(a pathogen)

39
Q

Define macrophages

A

A macrophage is a type of phagocyte, which is a cell responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells.

40
Q

How do macrophages act upon microbes/pathogens?

A

Once microbes enter the body, macrophages combat them by phagocytosis (ingestion) and remove the remains of dead cells

41
Q

What’s phagocytosis?

A

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

42
Q

Define phagocytes

A

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

43
Q

What do white blood cells do? (otherwise known as leukocytes)

A

Combat pathogens and foreign substances that enter the body and most live only a few days or hours during response to infection.

44
Q

2 types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

contain or do not contain granules

FMP1 A&P (31 decks)

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