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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What air sinus is not rudimentary at birth?

A

Frontal air sinus devolops after 2-3 years after birth

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2
Q

What is the origin of the nasal septum?

A

Fronto-nasal processes

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3
Q

How can you develop a frontal lobe abcess?

A

Frontal air sinus infection travels posterior to a anterior cranial fossa

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4
Q

Which nerve supplies mucous membrane of nasopharynx ?

A

Pterygopaline nerve

Other parts of pharynx supplied by CNX and CNIX

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5
Q

Vestibular ligaments develop from

A

False cords - lower thickening of quadrangular membrane (epliglottis and arytenoid)

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6
Q

Vocal cords

A

Upper thickening of cricothyroid ligament

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7
Q

Which internal laryngeal muscle is only supplied by external laryngeal nerve?

A

Cricothyroid muscle that tenses vocal cords

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8
Q

What muscle opens the rima glottidis

A

Posterior criocarytenoid only

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9
Q

What is the rima glottidis

A

A gap where vocal cords are in front and arytenoid cartilage vocal process is behind

Lined by simple squamous and devoid sub mucosa

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10
Q

What are the
Typical ribs
Typical thorax
Typical intercostal spaces

A

3rd to 9 th ribs
2nd to 8th vertebra
3rd to 6th spaces

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of typical ribs

A

CAT- curved , angulated and twisted
3 parts : anterior , posterior and shaft
1. Posterior Part: Head ( 2 Demi facets and intra articular crest), neck , tubercle( ligaments and transverse process facet),
2. shaft (2 surfaces , two borders, two angles)

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12
Q

What nerve supplies intercostal muscles ?

A

Collateral branch of ventral of rami of thoracic spinal nerves

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13
Q

Which nerve supplies muscles of anterior abdominal wall?

A

Lateral and anterior cutaneous branches 7-11

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14
Q

What causes coarctation of aorta?

A

Enlarged posterior intercostal arteries causes notching if ribs esp in back

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15
Q

Branches of posterior intercostal artery

A 
Muscular
Mammary - 2,3,4
Right bronchial artery - 3rd posterior intercostal artery
Dorsal 
Lateral cutaneous
 Collateral

1 post and 2 ant for every intercostal space (upper 9)

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16
Q

What arteries are used to treat coronary artery disease?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries - upper 6

Supplied by internal thoracic artery from subclavian artery

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17
Q

What is the venous drainage of trachea

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

Artery: inferior thyroid
Nerve: middle cervical ganglion

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18
Q

Blood supply of nasal septum

A

Artery: anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches
Vein: superior ophthalmic vein
Pterygoid venous plexus
Facial vein —> jugular vein

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19
Q

What muscle is responsible for elevation and rotation of neck of rib in forward direction and rotators of lateral flexors of vertebral column ?

A

Lavatores costarum
Found lateral to vertebral column
Origin: tips of transverse process of t7-t11
Insertion: outer surface between tubercle and posterior angle

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20
Q

Subclavian artery supplies which intercostal spaces?

A

Upper

Posterior 1 and 2 through superior intercostal artery ( costocervical)
Anterior 1-6 (internal thoracic)

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21
Q

Which intercostal spaces are supplies by Brachiocephalic vein?

A

Anterior 1,2,3,4,5,6 (internal thoracic)
Posterior 1
Drain into superior vena cava

Pos 2-11= azygos
Ant 4-8= accessory azygos
Ant 9-11- hemiazygos

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22
Q

What makes up the ventral part of diaphragm ?

A

5 ligaments (Median arcuate ligament, right and left medial and lateral ligaments)

Right crus- upper 3 lumbar anterior vertebrae
Left crus- upper L1 and L2
And intervertebral disc

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23
Q

What passes deep to the medial arcuate ligament?

A

Aorta - T 12

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24
Q

What pierces the thyrohyoid membrane ?

A

Superior laryngeal vessels

Internal laryngeal nerve

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25
Q

What vein pierces left crus?

A

Hemiazygos

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26
Q

What are the embryological structures of diaphragm?

A

Starts in neck
Septum transversum- central tendon
Body wall peripherally- edges of diaphragm
Dorsal mesenteric of esophagus - parts around esophagus (T 10)
Pleuroperitoneal membrane- domes of diaphragm

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27
Q

What is the cupola or cervical pleura of lung covered by?

A

Supra pleural membrane or sibsons fascia

From c7 to first rib

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28
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

Made up of mediastinal parietal pleura

Not real ligament but a reflection of parietal pleura that extends from the hilum to diaphragm medial of lung

29
Q

What is the inferior margin of lung and pleura?

A

Lung - ribs 6,8,10
Pleura- 8,10,12

The lungs inferior margin is more horizontal

30
Q

Lymphatic drainage of parietal pleura( pain sensitive)

And visceral pleura

A

Internal Mammary
Posterior mediastinal
Diaphragmatic nodes
Intercostal nodes

Visceral= bronchiopulmonary lymph nodes

31
Q

Nerve supply of pleura

A

Parietal- somatic (intercostal and phrenic(mediastinal and diaphragmatic)

Visceral- t2- t5 sympathetic ganglion

32
Q

Inflammation of pleura - pleurisy is common by

A

Tuberculosis

Can cause pleural effusion

33
Q

Damage to phrenic nerve

Damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

Phrenic nerve- paralysis of hemidiaphragm

Recurrent laryngeal nerve -hoarseness

34
Q

What develops from 4-6th pharyngeal arches?

A

Cartilages of larynx

35
Q

Where does the epliglottis derive from

A

Caudal end of hypobrachial eminence

36
Q

Reason for doing lumbar puncture over thoracic

A

Position of spinous process which goes downwards and backwards

37
Q

Where do you aspirate costodiaphragmtaic recess

A

9th intercostal space

38
Q

What are the relations of sibsons fascia (apex of lung)

A

Anterior : subclavian vein and artery, scalenus anterior muscle

Posterior: sympathetic chain
Ventral Ramus of T1
Superior intercostal artery
Supreme intercostal vein

39
Q

Where is the root of lung

A

T5, T6 , T7

40
Q

Root of right lung

A 
2 bronchi- hypoarterial and epyarterial ( cartilage)
2 veins 
1 artery 
1 bronchial artery
Bronchopulmonary nodes
41
Q

Root of left lung

A

1 bronchi

2 bronchial arteries

42
Q

Paranasal sinuses lined by

A

Pseudo stratified I listed columnar epithelium

43
Q

Trachea mucosa lined by

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

44
Q

What are the muscles of larynx nerve supply?

A

Internal muscles supplied by recurrent laryngeal except cricothyroid muscle supplied by external laryngeal muscle.

45
Q

What are the muscles attached to sternum?

A

Anteriorly: sternocleidomastoid muscle, rectus abdominal, pectoral is major

Posteriorly: diaphragm, sternohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle, sternocostalis

46
Q

Muscles attached to first rib

A

Superiorly: scalenus anterior , serratus anterior, subclavius muscle , scalenus medius

47
Q

Muscles attached to 2nd rib

A

Serratus anterior, scalenus posterior, serratus posterior superior

48
Q

What is found anteriorly to the neck of 1st rib

A

Neck is located posteriorly

Sympathetic trunk 
Ventral ramus of T1
Supreme intercostal vein 
Superior intercostal artery 
 (These are posterior to sibsons fascia)
49
Q

Formation, drainage, tributaries of azygos

A

Formation: from right lumbar ascending and right subcostal veins and right superior intercostal vein

Drains into superior vena cava (arching at eternal angle)

50
Q

Oblique line of thyroid cartilage has attachments for

A

Inferior constrictor
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

51
Q

Posterior border of horn of thyroid cartilage has attached to

A

Palatopharyngeus muscle,
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus

52
Q

Thyroid midline attachment include

A

Vestibular ligament
Vocal ligament
Thyroepliglottic ligament

53
Q

Littles area or keisselbachs plexus is made up of anastomoses of

A

Greater palatineof maxillary , septal branches of superior labial of facial artery , anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches or ophthalmic artery, sphenopalatine

54
Q

What is pharyngeal recess?

A

Located behind tubal elevation
Houses retropharyngeal lymph node at base
Clinically significant when putting a catheter in ear because it can perforate lateral wall of nasopharynx and may enter internal carotid artery

55
Q

What is intervertebral disc made up of

A

Inner nuclear pulposus and outer annulus fibrousus

56
Q

What is the functional depressor of ribs?

A

Subcostalis muscle located posteriorly and inserts 2 to 3 ribs below in the upper border inner lip ( fibres run downward frontward laterally)

57
Q

Branches of posterior intercostal artery, anterior intercostal artery

A

Pia: internal mammary, right bronchial artery, muscular, collateral, dorsal and lateral

Aia: pericardiophrenic, musculophrenic, perforating, superior epigastic, anterior, mediastinal

58
Q

Origin of diaphragm

A

Vertebral part of diaphragm

59
Q

Posterolateral hernia

A

Common congenital disorder
Common on left
Due to pleuroperitoneal cavity not closing

60
Q

Hiatal ( sliding) hernia

A

Due to weak diaphragm muscle and associated with short oesophagus
Common internal hernia

61
Q

The vocal cords are connected to cricoid cartilage via

A

Conus elastics

62
Q

Relations of root of lung

A

Anterior - phrenic, pericardiophrenic vessel, anterior pulmonary plexus

Posterior: vagus,
Osterior pulmonary plexus

Inferior pulmonary ligament

63
Q

Apex of lung relations

A

Lateral - scalenus mimius
Medial (right)- right brachiocephalic, right phrenic, right vagus nerve and trachea, brachiocephalic trunk

Left medial- esophagus and thoracic duct, left brachiocephalic, left subclavian artery , left recurrent laryngeal nerve

64
Q

What is the thyrohyoid membrane pierced by

A

Internal laryngeal vessels and superior laryngeal vessels

65
Q

Blood supply of diaphragm

A 
Musculophrenic
Pericardiophrenic
Superior epigastric
Superior and inferior phrent 
Lower intercostal and subcostal arteries
66
Q

Which part of pleura is pain sensitive ?

A

Parietal supplied by somatic nerves: intercostal and phrenic
Phrenic only for mediastinal and central diaphragmatic

Intercostal and phrenic for costal and peripheral diaphragmatic
——————————————————————————

Visceral pleura supplied by t2-t5 accompanying bronchial vessels(pain insensitive

67
Q

Pancoast syndrome

A

Involvement of structures posterior to apex of lung

68
Q

Respiratory system derives from mainly

A

Endoderm

Nose and nasal cavity (sinuses) from ectoderm

69
Q

Attachment of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

A

Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid

Anatomy (9 decks)

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