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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What air sinus is not rudimentary at birth?

A

Frontal air sinus devolops after 2-3 years after birth

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2
Q

What is the origin of the nasal septum?

A

Fronto-nasal processes

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3
Q

How can you develop a frontal lobe abcess?

A

Frontal air sinus infection travels posterior to a anterior cranial fossa

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4
Q

Which nerve supplies mucous membrane of nasopharynx ?

A

Pterygopaline nerve

Other parts of pharynx supplied by CNX and CNIX

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5
Q

Vestibular ligaments develop from

A

False cords - lower thickening of quadrangular membrane (epliglottis and arytenoid)

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6
Q

Vocal cords

A

Upper thickening of cricothyroid ligament

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7
Q

Which internal laryngeal muscle is only supplied by external laryngeal nerve?

A

Cricothyroid muscle that tenses vocal cords

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8
Q

What muscle opens the rima glottidis

A

Posterior criocarytenoid only

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9
Q

What is the rima glottidis

A

A gap where vocal cords are in front and arytenoid cartilage vocal process is behind

Lined by simple squamous and devoid sub mucosa

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10
Q

What are the
Typical ribs
Typical thorax
Typical intercostal spaces

A

3rd to 9 th ribs
2nd to 8th vertebra
3rd to 6th spaces

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of typical ribs

A

CAT- curved , angulated and twisted
3 parts : anterior , posterior and shaft
1. Posterior Part: Head ( 2 Demi facets and intra articular crest), neck , tubercle( ligaments and transverse process facet),
2. shaft (2 surfaces , two borders, two angles)

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12
Q

What nerve supplies intercostal muscles ?

A

Collateral branch of ventral of rami of thoracic spinal nerves

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13
Q

Which nerve supplies muscles of anterior abdominal wall?

A

Lateral and anterior cutaneous branches 7-11

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14
Q

What causes coarctation of aorta?

A

Enlarged posterior intercostal arteries causes notching if ribs esp in back

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15
Q

Branches of posterior intercostal artery

A 
Muscular
Mammary - 2,3,4
Right bronchial artery - 3rd posterior intercostal artery
Dorsal 
Lateral cutaneous
 Collateral

1 post and 2 ant for every intercostal space (upper 9)

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16
Q

What arteries are used to treat coronary artery disease?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries - upper 6

Supplied by internal thoracic artery from subclavian artery

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17
Q

What is the venous drainage of trachea

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

Artery: inferior thyroid
Nerve: middle cervical ganglion

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18
Q

Blood supply of nasal septum

A

Artery: anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches
Vein: superior ophthalmic vein
Pterygoid venous plexus
Facial vein —> jugular vein

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19
Q

What muscle is responsible for elevation and rotation of neck of rib in forward direction and rotators of lateral flexors of vertebral column ?

A

Lavatores costarum
Found lateral to vertebral column
Origin: tips of transverse process of t7-t11
Insertion: outer surface between tubercle and posterior angle

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20
Q

Subclavian artery supplies which intercostal spaces?

A

Upper

Posterior 1 and 2 through superior intercostal artery ( costocervical)
Anterior 1-6 (internal thoracic)

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21
Q

Which intercostal spaces are supplies by Brachiocephalic vein?

A

Anterior 1,2,3,4,5,6 (internal thoracic)
Posterior 1
Drain into superior vena cava

Pos 2-11= azygos
Ant 4-8= accessory azygos
Ant 9-11- hemiazygos

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22
Q

What makes up the ventral part of diaphragm ?

A

5 ligaments (Median arcuate ligament, right and left medial and lateral ligaments)

Right crus- upper 3 lumbar anterior vertebrae
Left crus- upper L1 and L2
And intervertebral disc

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23
Q

What passes deep to the medial arcuate ligament?

A

Aorta - T 12

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24
Q

What pierces the thyrohyoid membrane ?

A

Superior laryngeal vessels

Internal laryngeal nerve

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25
What vein pierces left crus?
Hemiazygos
26
What are the embryological structures of diaphragm?
Starts in neck Septum transversum- central tendon Body wall peripherally- edges of diaphragm Dorsal mesenteric of esophagus - parts around esophagus (T 10) Pleuroperitoneal membrane- domes of diaphragm
27
What is the cupola or cervical pleura of lung covered by?
Supra pleural membrane or sibsons fascia | From c7 to first rib
28
What is the pulmonary ligament?
Made up of mediastinal parietal pleura | Not real ligament but a reflection of parietal pleura that extends from the hilum to diaphragm medial of lung
29
What is the inferior margin of lung and pleura?
Lung - ribs 6,8,10 Pleura- 8,10,12 The lungs inferior margin is more horizontal
30
Lymphatic drainage of parietal pleura( pain sensitive) | And visceral pleura
Internal Mammary Posterior mediastinal Diaphragmatic nodes Intercostal nodes Visceral= bronchiopulmonary lymph nodes
31
Nerve supply of pleura
Parietal- somatic (intercostal and phrenic(mediastinal and diaphragmatic) Visceral- t2- t5 sympathetic ganglion
32
Inflammation of pleura - pleurisy is common by
Tuberculosis Can cause pleural effusion
33
Damage to phrenic nerve | Damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve
Phrenic nerve- paralysis of hemidiaphragm | Recurrent laryngeal nerve -hoarseness
34
What develops from 4-6th pharyngeal arches?
Cartilages of larynx
35
Where does the epliglottis derive from
Caudal end of hypobrachial eminence
36
Reason for doing lumbar puncture over thoracic
Position of spinous process which goes downwards and backwards
37
Where do you aspirate costodiaphragmtaic recess
9th intercostal space
38
What are the relations of sibsons fascia (apex of lung)
Anterior : subclavian vein and artery, scalenus anterior muscle Posterior: sympathetic chain Ventral Ramus of T1 Superior intercostal artery Supreme intercostal vein
39
Where is the root of lung
T5, T6 , T7
40
Root of right lung
``` 2 bronchi- hypoarterial and epyarterial ( cartilage) 2 veins 1 artery 1 bronchial artery Bronchopulmonary nodes ```
41
Root of left lung
1 bronchi | 2 bronchial arteries
42
Paranasal sinuses lined by
Pseudo stratified I listed columnar epithelium
43
Trachea mucosa lined by
Ciliated columnar epithelium
44
What are the muscles of larynx nerve supply?
Internal muscles supplied by recurrent laryngeal except cricothyroid muscle supplied by external laryngeal muscle.
45
What are the muscles attached to sternum?
Anteriorly: sternocleidomastoid muscle, rectus abdominal, pectoral is major Posteriorly: diaphragm, sternohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle, sternocostalis
46
Muscles attached to first rib
Superiorly: scalenus anterior , serratus anterior, subclavius muscle , scalenus medius
47
Muscles attached to 2nd rib
Serratus anterior, scalenus posterior, serratus posterior superior
48
What is found anteriorly to the neck of 1st rib
Neck is located posteriorly ``` Sympathetic trunk Ventral ramus of T1 Supreme intercostal vein Superior intercostal artery (These are posterior to sibsons fascia) ```
49
Formation, drainage, tributaries of azygos
Formation: from right lumbar ascending and right subcostal veins and right superior intercostal vein Drains into superior vena cava (arching at eternal angle)
50
Oblique line of thyroid cartilage has attachments for
Inferior constrictor Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid
51
Posterior border of horn of thyroid cartilage has attached to
Palatopharyngeus muscle, Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus
52
Thyroid midline attachment include
Vestibular ligament Vocal ligament Thyroepliglottic ligament
53
Littles area or keisselbachs plexus is made up of anastomoses of
Greater palatineof maxillary , septal branches of superior labial of facial artery , anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches or ophthalmic artery, sphenopalatine
54
What is pharyngeal recess?
Located behind tubal elevation Houses retropharyngeal lymph node at base Clinically significant when putting a catheter in ear because it can perforate lateral wall of nasopharynx and may enter internal carotid artery
55
What is intervertebral disc made up of
Inner nuclear pulposus and outer annulus fibrousus
56
What is the functional depressor of ribs?
Subcostalis muscle located posteriorly and inserts 2 to 3 ribs below in the upper border inner lip ( fibres run downward frontward laterally)
57
Branches of posterior intercostal artery, anterior intercostal artery
Pia: internal mammary, right bronchial artery, muscular, collateral, dorsal and lateral Aia: pericardiophrenic, musculophrenic, perforating, superior epigastic, anterior, mediastinal
58
Origin of diaphragm
Vertebral part of diaphragm
59
Posterolateral hernia
Common congenital disorder Common on left Due to pleuroperitoneal cavity not closing
60
Hiatal ( sliding) hernia
Due to weak diaphragm muscle and associated with short oesophagus Common internal hernia
61
The vocal cords are connected to cricoid cartilage via
Conus elastics
62
Relations of root of lung
Anterior - phrenic, pericardiophrenic vessel, anterior pulmonary plexus Posterior: vagus, Osterior pulmonary plexus Inferior pulmonary ligament
63
Apex of lung relations
Lateral - scalenus mimius Medial (right)- right brachiocephalic, right phrenic, right vagus nerve and trachea, brachiocephalic trunk Left medial- esophagus and thoracic duct, left brachiocephalic, left subclavian artery , left recurrent laryngeal nerve
64
What is the thyrohyoid membrane pierced by
Internal laryngeal vessels and superior laryngeal vessels
65
Blood supply of diaphragm
``` Musculophrenic Pericardiophrenic Superior epigastric Superior and inferior phrent Lower intercostal and subcostal arteries ```
66
Which part of pleura is pain sensitive ?
Parietal supplied by somatic nerves: intercostal and phrenic Phrenic only for mediastinal and central diaphragmatic Intercostal and phrenic for costal and peripheral diaphragmatic —————————————————————————— Visceral pleura supplied by t2-t5 accompanying bronchial vessels(pain insensitive
67
Pancoast syndrome
Involvement of structures posterior to apex of lung
68
Respiratory system derives from mainly
Endoderm Nose and nasal cavity (sinuses) from ectoderm
69
Attachment of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid

Anatomy (9 decks)

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