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Anatomy > Endocrine and Reproduction > Flashcards

Endocrine and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How are endocrine glands formed?

A

Epithelium invading underlying connective tissue

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2
Q

Hypophysis cerebri, supradrenal gland, thymus and thyroid derived from

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm respectively

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3
Q

Scrotal ligament and ovarian ligament are remnants of…….

A

Gubernaculum

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4
Q

What is appendix of testis?

A

Sessile fibrofatty tissue located close to the upper border of the testes

Embryo- remnants of paramesonephric duct

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5
Q

Structures located outside pelvic cavity

A
  1. Testes
  2. Epididymis
  3. Part of vas deferens
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6
Q

Perineum

A

Located between the legs and below pelvic diaphragm

Diamond shaped area

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7
Q

Scrotal ligament

A

Located lower pole

Attaches testis to scrotal wall

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8
Q

What is sinus of epididymis

A

Semilunar recess of tunica vaginais (visceral layer) located on lateral surface
To determine side of testes

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9
Q

Mediastinum testes

A

Projects from posterior border of testis into the interior

Tunica albuginea- dense connective tissue made up of collagen fibres

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10
Q

What runs in the deep inguinal ring?

A

Testicular artery
Spermatic cord
Pampiniform plexus

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11
Q

What makes up bulk of spermatic cord

A

Pampiniform plexus

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12
Q

Vas deferens development

A

From mesonephric duct

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13
Q

What forms the bulk of semen ?

A

Seminal vehicle fluid

Viscid alkaline fluid with choline crystals , fructose , prostaglandin and vesiculose enzyme

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14
Q

Cancer of scrotum

A

Spreads to inguinal lymph nodes

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15
Q

Structures within prostate

A 
Two ejaculatory ducts lateral to seminal colliculus
Prostatic urethra
Male vagina ( prostatic utricle)- remnant of caudal end of paramesonephric duct
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16
Q

Number of lobes of prostate

A

Five

  1. Anterior- fibromuscular tissue, connect lateral lobes
  2. Posterior- primary sit of carcinoma, palpable in Dre , located behind and below ejaculatory ducts. Connects lateral lobes
  3. Median lobe- most glandular tissue- and susceptible to BHP, wedge shaped
  4. Left and right lateral lobes - has some glandular tissue
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17
Q

Which parts of prostate prone to benign hypertrophy prostate?

A

Glandular

Found in median lobe and transitional zone of prostate

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18
Q

How are endocrine glands formed?

A

ductless glands
Formed by proliferation of epithelium cells invading underlying connective tissue
The stalk degenerates and capillaries surround the gland

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19
Q

What glands are derived from endoderm,mesoderm and ectoderm?

A

Endoderm: thyroid gland and thymus
Mesoderm: supradrenal gland
Ectoderm: hypophysis cerebri

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20
Q

Hypophysis cerebri characteristics

A

Ovoid, neuroglandular, derived from ectoderm

Two parts: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

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21
Q

Relations of pituitary gland

A

Located in hypophyseal fossa
Enclosed by Dural sheath
Roof- diaphragma sellae (pierced by infundibulum)
Superiorly- optic chiasma, diaphragma sella, floor of third ventricle, anterior communicating artery
On each side: cavernous sinus, occulomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve, internal carotid artery, sympathetic plexus of nerves, maxillary nerve and ophthalmic nerve
Anterior and posteriorly: intercavernous sinus
Below: body of sphenoid bone and sphenoidal air sinus

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22
Q

Parts of hypophysis cerebri

A
  1. Adenohypophysis - pars anterior/ distalis, pars intermedia and pars tuberalis
  2. Neurohypophysis: pars nervosa, medial eminence and infundibulum
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23
Q

Intra glandular cleft embryo and location

A

Remnant cavity of rapthke pouch

Located between intermediate part(adenoyhypohysis) and pars distalis(neurohypophysis)….secretes MSH

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24
Q

Blood supply of pituitary gland

A 
Superior hypophyseal( ica, anterior and medial cerbral artery)
Inferior hypophyseal (Ica)

Venous drainage- intercavernous and cavernous sinuses

25
Q

Pituitary gland portal system

A

2 sets of capillaries

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Posterior pituitary
26
Q

Neurosecretary tracts of pituitary gland

A
  1. Supraoptic-hypophyseal tract

2. Tubero-infundibulum

27
Q

How is hormones transported from hypothalamus to pituitary?

A
  1. Via unmyelinated axons (hypothalamohypophyseal tract) to posterior pituitary
  2. Via sinusoild portal capillary system. Axons end in medial eminence and hormones travel in portal system to anterior pituitary
28
Q

Special features of thyroid gland

A
  1. Palpable because it’s superficial
  2. Largest endocrine and vascular
  3. Depends on external environment raw iodine to make t3 and t4
  4. Stores hormones in lumen after formation instead of secreting right away
29
Q

Thyroid gland characteristics

A
  1. Butterfly shaped that extend from c5-T1
  2. Lobe Extends from mid thyroid cartilage to 4th or 5th tracheal rings
  3. Isthmus is around 4-5th tracheal ring
  4. Levator glandulae tracheal - fibromuscular glandulae extension from hyoid bone to isthmus
30
Q

Thyroid gland coverings

A

Inner true capsule- formed by condensation of connective tissue
Outer false capsule - formed by pretracheal layer of deep fascia

31
Q

Parathyroid location

A

Between true and false capsule of thyroids along with blood vessel trunks

32
Q

Thyroidectomy vs prostatectomy

A

Thyroidectomy- removal of true capsule( deep to true capsule contains dense venous plexus)

Prostatectomy - removal of gland without capsule due to prostatic venous plexus between true and false capsule

33
Q

Ligament of berry

A

Suspensory ligament attached from gland to cricoid cartilage
Important in deglutition (movement)

34
Q

Thyroid lobe presenting parts and relations

A
  1. Apex- sternothyroid muscle …related to superior thyroid artery and external laryngeal nerve
    2.base- 4-5 tracheal rings and related to inferior thyroid and recurrent laryngeal
  2. 3 surfaces:
    anterolateral/ superficial- muscles from within outwards(sternothyroid, sternohyoid, superior belly of omohyoid, anterior border of sternocleiodomastoid muscle)
    Posterolateral/ deep- related to 2 tubes: oesophagus and trachea, 2 nerves- external laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal and 2muscles: cricothyroid and inferior constrictor
    Medial surface- carotid sheath- common carotid artery, internal jugular artery, vagus nerve

Anterior border - superior thyroid artery
Posterior border- left to thoracic duct, superior and inferior parathyroid glands, inferior thyroid artery, superior thyroid artery and inferior thyroid artery anastomoses

35
Q

What nerve can run through ligament of berry?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve through tracheoesophageal groove

36
Q

Parts of isthmus of thyroid gland

A

2 surfaces- anterior: skin,superficial fascia, anterior jugular vein,deep fascia, sternothyroid and sternohyoid
Posterior- related to 2-4 tracheal rings

2 borders
Upper border- pyramidal lobes and levator glandulae thyroidae, anastomoses of superficial thyroid arteries

Lower border- thyroidae ima artery when present and inferior thyroid artery

37
Q

Blood supply of thyroid gland

A

Arterial- superior thyroid artery(external carotid) supplies upper 1/3 lobe and 1/2 isthmus. Inferior thyroid artery(thyrocervical of subclavian artery)supplies other 1/2 isthmus and lower 2/3

Venous- four veins- superior , middle and fourth drain into ivc . Inferior drains into branchicephalic

Thyroidae ima artery present in 3% comes from brachiocephalic

38
Q

Thyroid gland epithelial cells when resting and secreting

A

Resting cuboidal

Secreting columnar

39
Q

When do the fetal thyroid begin to function

A

18- 22nd wk

40
Q

Fallacy of identification of parathyroid ( split pea, yellow lentiform gland located between true and false capsule)

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Accessory thyroid tissue
  3. Fat lobules
41
Q

Parathyroid gland development

A

Superior from 4the pharyngeal pouch- constant location at cricoid cartilage level

Inferior- 3rd pharyngeal pouch - variable location

42
Q

Uterine artery

A

Branch of internal iliac artery

43
Q

Contents of broad ligament

A
  1. Uterine tubes
  2. Ovarian vessels
  3. Proximal part of round ligament
  4. Ovarian ligament
  5. Lymphatic nerves and plexus
  6. Uterine vessels

Broad ligament -2 surfaces and 4 borders

44
Q

Bloody supply, lymphatic drainage and nervous supply of adrenal glands

A

Bloody supply

  1. superior suprarenal artery(internal phrenic artery)
  2. middle suprarenal artery(abdominal aorta)
  3. Inferior suprarenal artery(renal artery)

Venous drainage- left suprarenal vein draining into left renal vein and right suprarenal vein drains into Ivc

Lymphatic- lateral aortic lymph nodes

Nervous supply- medulla supplied by t8 to L1 segments on chromaffin cells
ACTH on cortex

45
Q

Lymphatic drainage of suprarenal gland

A

Lateral aortic group of lymph nodes

46
Q

Prostate bloody supply, lymphatic drainage, nervous supply and development

A

Inferior vesical
Middle rectal arteries
Internal pudenal artery

Prostatic venous plexus drains in internal iliac vein

Lymphatic: sacral and internal iliac , external iliac
Nervous: L1 and splanchnic nerves

Development
Glandular wk3 - solid Endodermal epithelium from pelvic part of urogenital sinus
Fibromuscular - splanchnic mesoderm around urogenital sinus

47
Q

Rathke pouch

A

Ectodermal diverticulum upgrowth from stomatodeum in front buccopharyngral membrane

Forms anterior pituitary gland

Remnant of cavity gives rise to interglandular cleft

48
Q

Connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

Paraventricular nuclei secretes - CRH, TRH
Arcuate nuclei releases- PIH, GH
Preoptic nuclei- secretes GnRH

The tuberoinfundibular tract ends in medial eminence and portal vein carries hormone to stimulate release of hormone in a. Pituitary gland

49
Q

Pressure on cavernous sinus from pituitary tumor

A

Can result in exopthalamus

50
Q

Pineal gland neuroendocrine activity

A

Melatonin inhibits gonadotrophic releasing hormone

Light —retina —optic tact— brainstem—superior cervical sympathetic ganglion—nervus Conari— pineal gland

Pineal gland secretes cck,serotonin and melatonin

51
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Clear cells that secrete calcitonin (high ca2]

Derived from neural crest cells and ultimobrachial body(5th pharyngeal pouch)

52
Q

Thyroid gland development

A

Begins week 3
Function- 18th -22 wk

Endodermal thickening on medial floor of pharynx behind tuberculum impar.
Extends to form throglossal ductfrom foramen cecum

53
Q

What are spongiocytes of zona fasciculata rich in

A

Vitwmin c
Lipid
Cholestrerol
Straight cords with sinusoids and capillaries

54
Q

Transversalis fascia of abdominal wall

A

Forms anterior wall of femoral sheath (posterior iliaca)
Forms posterior boundary on inguinal ligament
Forms internal spermatic fascia layer of scrotum

55
Q

Ovarian dysgenesis

A

Absence of both ovaries

Common in Turner syndrome

56
Q

3rd most common site for primary malignancy

A

Ovaries

57
Q

Factors contributing to left variocele

A

Long left testicular vein
Drains at a 90 degree angle to left renal vein
Left testicular vein can become compressed during constipate and as it passes behind descending colon
Kidney tumors can protect on left renal vein blocking the opening for left testicular vein

58
Q

Factors maintaining scrotal temp

A

It’s 3 degrees lower

  1. Contraction of dartos muscle in cold
  2. Countercurrent heat exchange from testicular artery to pampiniform plexus
  3. Absence of subcutaneous fat
  4. Numerous sweat glands

Anatomy (9 decks)

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