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Anatomy > Nervous > Flashcards

Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Types of neuroglia for support

A

Astrocytes -protoplasmic and fibrous
Forms B.B.b ..monitor and regulate interstitial fluid
Oligodencrocytes and Schwann cells
Microglial- smallest and phagocytic activity
Ependymal -ciliates columnar, Secretes csf
Satellite or capsular- surrounds neurons for support

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2
Q

Two types of functional nervous system

A

Somatic- voluntary

Autonomic -glands, smooth muscles

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3
Q

What is the 5 cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal

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4
Q

White and grey communicants

A

Connect ventral rami of Lumbar 1 and 2 and all thoracic spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglion

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5
Q

Division of spinal nerves

A 
Root -ventral and dorsal 
Trunk - intervertebral Foramen 
Rami- ventral and dorsal 
Grey communicants -sns spinal nerves 
Grey and white- sns lumbar thoracic
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6
Q

Types of ganglia

A

Spinal- pseudo unipolar
Cell bodies are a large and round with centrally place nuclei
Dense nerve fibers, lots of satellite cells but few capillaries

Autonomic- motor neurons
Cells bodies are irregularly shaped with peripherally places nuclei
Scattered nerve fibres, few scattered satellite cells

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7
Q

What are neurofibrils.

A

Found in axon…transport of proteins … contain neurofilaments and microtubles
Support cell body and processes

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8
Q

What surround the nerve fasicles ?

A

Perineureum while epineureum covers the nerve

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9
Q

Epsp

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential
Opening of na k channels
Action potential

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10
Q

Ipsp

A 
Opening of chlorine channel 
Hyperpolarisation 
No ap
GABA and glycine
Temporary: nitric oxide...transduction pathways in guanylyl cyclase
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11
Q

Synaptic fatigue

A

Repeated stimulation produces smaller response

Low neurotransmitter stores

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12
Q

ACh

A

Only neurotransmitter used as a muscular junction
Excitatory
Depolarization
Action potential

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13
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A 
31
Cervical -8
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacrum -5
Coccyxgeal- 1
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14
Q

How is adrenaline formed

A 
Tyrosine-hydroxylase
L-dopa-decarboxylase
Dopamine-beta hydroxylase
Ne-PNMT -methylated and cortisol 
E
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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter is made from tryptophan

A

Serotonin

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter has no metabolic function

A

GABA

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17
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

GABA deficiency

Uncontrolled movements, difficulty in cognitive skills

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18
Q

Pheochromacytoma

A

Secrets ne instead of e

Tumor of adrenal medulla

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19
Q

Myelinating cells

A

Cns- oligodendrocytes

Pens- Schwann cells

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20
Q

When does myelination start

A

4th intrauterine month and finish around 2-3 yrs

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21
Q

Where can bipolar neurons be found ?

A

Vestibucochlear nerve and retina

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22
Q

Glial cells

A

PNs- Schwann ( myelin and rengeneration of axon) and satellite cells ( regulate neurotransmiter levels and nutrients)

Cns - astrocyte( supply nutrients and removal of neurotransmitter , formation of bbb, maintain ca2+ and k, and movement of neurons during brain development)
2. Oligodendrocytes, micoglial and ependymal cells( protection of ventricle, production and circulation of CSf)

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23
Q

Spinal cord develops from

A

Caudal part of neural tube

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24
Q

Meninges are made up of three layers

A
  1. Spinal dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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25
Q

Embryo of meninges

A

Neural crest cells- pia-arachnoid meninges

Mesenchyme around neural tube condense to form spinal dura mater

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26
Q

Nerve supply of dura mater

A

Recurrent meninges of spinal nerves

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27
Q

Which neuron is only found in cns

A

Interneuron

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28
Q

Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

A

V,vii,Ix, x

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29
Q

Which glial cell maintain appropriate balance of ca2+ and K+ in nerve transmission

A

ASTROCYTE

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30
Q

How do ependymal cells protect?

A

They line ventricles of the brain, choroid plexus and central canal of spine (contain csf)

Other functions: produce csf and ids in circulation of csf

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31
Q

Oligodendrocytes vs schwann cells

A

oligodend ocytes found in cns
They produce myelin and support cns neurons

Schwann cells myelinated pns and aids in regeneration of axons

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32
Q

Astrocytes vs satellite cells

A

Both glial cells - support and nourish
Astrocyte in cns and satellite in pns
They regulate nourish and neurotransmitter levels

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33
Q

Brachial plexus formed from

A

Cervical enlargement of grey matter motor neurons(large cervical neurons)

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34
Q

Which layer of meninge is avascular .

A

Arachnoid mater

Thin, membranous , transparent , delicate

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35
Q

Where do you give analgesics

A

Caudal in sacral hiatus

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36
Q

Tap csf

A

Csf in subarachnoid space
Lumbar cistern- widening space below L1 until s3

Between l3 and l4

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37
Q

Structure in lumbar cistern

A

Filum terminale

Cauda equine

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38
Q

Identification of first lumbar nerve during Surgery

A

The 21st ligamentum denticulum runs obliquely from T12 to L1.
Ligwmentum denticulum is a modification of pia mater that is between ventral and dorsal roots connecting to dura mater

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39
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Bunch of nerve below conus medullaris that go lateral downwards
Horse shaped tail

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40
Q

What are the functions of central anterior horn nuclei of the spinal cord?

A

Three nuclei:

  1. Phrenic nucleus- c3-c5 diaphragm innervation
  2. Spinal nucleus of accessory- c1-c5 innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
  3. Lumbosacral- l2-s1 no known function
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41
Q

Which group of AH cells of spinal cord causes urinary incontinence
?

A

Lateral

Retrodorsal lateral nuclei affects perineal muscles

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42
Q

Polio destroys which part of spinal cord

A

Ventral part of spinal cord causing paralysis

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43
Q

Which nerve forms Substantia gelatinosa below cervical 2 spinal segment?

A

V- trigeminal

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44
Q

What cranial nucleus supplies up to c5- c6 segment

A

Spinal accessory

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45
Q

Which nucleus lies dorsolateral to hypoglossal?

A

Dorsal nucleus of vagus

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46
Q

What lies at the inferior Olivary section?

A

Floor of the fourth ventricle

Mid olivary

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47
Q

What are three nuclei found in sensory decussation and inferior olivary section of medulla?

A

Tructus solitarius
Dorsal vagus
Hypoglossal nuclei
Ambiguus

Pyramidal decussation- suprspinal and accessory nucleus

48
Q

In pons, what makes up the transverse and longitudinal fibres?

A

Longitudinal- corticospinal, corticobulbar and corticopontine

Transverse- pontocerebellar

49
Q

What are the parts of pons

A

Dorsal / tegmentum made up of pyramid and middle cerebellar peduncle

Basically/ ventral made up of medical lemniscus, spinal lemnicus, trapezoid ody, superior olivary spinal nucleus and trigeminal tract, vestibular and cochlear nuclei, nuclei 5,6,7,8,

50
Q

What is neurobiotaxis

A

Occurs in pons at facial colliculus where facial sensory nuclei migrates to motor trigeminal nucleus around Abducen nucleus

51
Q

What parts make up Substantia Nigra?

A

Pars compacts - rich in melanin dopaminergic neurons
Lots of cell bodies and small to medium neurons

Pars reticularis - rich in iron
Little cell bodies and large motor neurons

52
Q

Midbrain location

A

Smallest segment 2cm
Crus cerebra continuous causally with basilar pons
Located between pons and thalamus
Overlapped laterally by parahippocampal gyrus

53
Q

Interpeduncular fossa

A

Anteriorly - optic chiasma
Anterolaterally- optic tracts
Posterolaterally-crus cerebra
Posterior- pons

Floor- infundibular and medial eminence
Mammillary bodies
Posterior perforated substance by central posterior cerebral artery

Contains circle of Willis …rhomboid shape

54
Q

Pontocerebellar angle syndrome

A

Affects pons
Due to acoustic neuroma (Schwann cells surrounding cochlear) lateral caudal region
Affects cn 5,7,8 resulting in tinnitus, ipsilateral facial palsy and loss of pain and sensation

55
Q

Central tegmental fibres

A

Located in pons and mid brain ( brain stem)
Contains descending fibres from PAG and red nucleus to inferior olivary nucleus
Contains ascending fibres from brainstem nuclei to intralaminar nuclei and other parts of diencephalon( lambic system)

56
Q

Nuclei of trigeminal nerve

A

Cn 5 originates in pons
Has three nuclei:
Mesencephalic nuclei- proprioceptive sensation
Main sensory- touch and pressure sensations
Spinal nucleus - pain and temperature sensation

57
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

Smaller cn
Optic nerve and trochlear decussates before target
Originate medial ventral to central grey matter of midbrain
Closely related to medial longitudinal fasciculus
Exits dorsally at frenulum velivwfter decussating cranially to superior medullary velum

58
Q

Internal feature of midbrain

A

Different in tegmentum at levels of inferior and superior colliculus

59
Q

What are the afferents of red nucleus?

A

Corticorubral
Pallidorubrwl
Cerebellorubrwl

60
Q

Effects of red nucleus

A

Go to Vl of thalamus
Rubro spinal
Rubrobulbar
Rubroreticular

61
Q

Function of Substantia Nigra

A

Facilitate voluntary movement

Inhibiting involuntary movement to p room skillful movements

62
Q

Function of red nucleus

A

Located in superior colliculus
Monitor cerebellum function of motor systems
Maintenance of posture and muscle tone

63
Q

Alternate tracts to corticospinal

A

Cortico rubro

And rubro spinal

64
Q

Embryological origin of superior and inferior colliculus of midbrain

A

Dorsal lamina of PAG

65
Q

Pretectal nucleus

A

Concerned with pupillary reflex constriction to bright light
Forms anterior comissure below thalamus (diencephalon)

66
Q

Midbrain lesions

A

Hemorrhage or occlusion of circle of Willis
Tumour of pineal gland - perinauds
Hydrocephalus
Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery

67
Q

Perinauds

A

Tumor of pineal gland

Affects superior colliculus

68
Q

Weber’s

A

Hemorrhage or occlusion of circle of Willis
Affects occult motor
Corticospinal and corticobulbar

69
Q

Benedictz

A

Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery
Affects paramedics area
Occulomotor and red nucleus
Dentatorubrothalmic tract

70
Q

What is the first sulcus to appear in cerebrum?

A

Lateral sulcus appears at 4th intrauterine month

Cerebrum smooth in 3rd month

71
Q

What is allocortex

And neocortex

A

Allocortex (10 %)
Molecular, pyramidal, multiform

New cortex- 90%
Made up of 6 layers
Molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform or polymorphous

72
Q

Pallium

A

Outer surface of cerebral cortex

Made up of grey matter

73
Q

What sulci appear during 6th month of intrauterine life of cerebrum

A

Parietal-occipital
Cingulate
Central
Calcarine

74
Q

Classification of sulcus

A

Primary- growth independently

Secondary-
Lateral- develops as enlargement of frontal, parietal and temporal lobe
Parieto-occipital - backward growth of corpus callousness

75
Q

Surfaces of cerebrum

A

Convex superolateral
Flattened medial surface
And irregular inferior surface separated by stem of lateral sulcus
Into temporal and orbital surfaces

76
Q

Which sulcus has one stem and three rami?

A

Lateral or sylphian sulcus
Anterior horizontal, anterior vertical and posterior

Posterior end and stem (inferior)of lateral sulcus has middle cerebral arteries
Superficial and deep cerebral arteries

77
Q

What are 2 important sulci of medial flattened surface ?

A

Calcarine- begins from occipital pole and ends below splenium corpus callous

Parietal-occipital sulcus (secondary sulcus)- begins 5cm away from occipital pole and joins calcarine sulcus

78
Q

What is the vertical line of cerebrum?

A

Demarcates lobes
Imaginary line drawn from parietooccipital sulcus to preoccipital notch ( 5cm away from occipital lobe)

Behind is occipital lobe

79
Q

Which sulcus is continuous with paracentral lobule

A

Pre Central sulcus extends to medial surface to anterior paracentral lobule

80
Q

What is continuous with apex of insula?

A

Anterior perforated substance

81
Q

What is insula?

A

White matter of insula know as extreme capsule

Insula located deep to lateral sulcus and supplied by medial cerebral artery and deep cerebral vein

82
Q

Branches of cerebral part of ica

A 
Ophthalmic
Posterior communicating
Anterior choroidal 
Anterior cerebral 
Middle cerebral
83
Q

Arterial supply of midbrain

A

Superior cerebellar artery

Posterior cerebral artery

84
Q

Stimulation of preoptic hypothalamus

A

Produces ovulation

85
Q

What do the hypothalamus produce

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

It regulates secretion of gonadotrophin hormone from pituitary glands via tuberal region (dorsomedial, arcuate, lateral , posterior nuclei)

86
Q

What structures are located in tentorial notch?

A

Anterior vermis of cerebellum and midbrain

87
Q

Afferents of olivary nucleus

A

PAG
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Red nucleus

88
Q

Parolivocerebellar fibres

A

From medial and dorsal accessory nucleus from inferior olivary level of mo cross section

They project to the cerebellar vermis

89
Q

Blood supply of Medulla

A

Vertebral artery- pica

Basilar - Arica

90
Q

Mesencephalic trigeminal nuclei

A

Located in lateral central grey matter at inferior colliculus level
Contains pseudounipolar neuron
Function : carries proprioceptive information from extraoccular muscles and muscles of masticstion

91
Q

Nuclei of cerebellum

A 
From medial to lateral 
Fastigial 
Globose 
Emboliform 
Dentate

GED EFFERENT FIBRES PASS THROUGH SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

92
Q

Nerve that inner innervates ciliary body

A

Occulomotor- GSE and GVE

It SUPPLIES SOME EXTRAOCCULAR MUCSCLES and sphincter papillae and ciliary body through ciliary ganglion

93
Q

Connections of red nucleus

A

Afferent - corticorubral, cerebellorubrwl, pallidorubral, thallidorubral

94
Q

Superior and inferior colliculus embryological origin

A

Dorsal Latina of PAG

95
Q

Inferior colliculus connections

A

Afferent- lateral lemniscus, fibres from opposite inferior colliculus ( commissural) and MGB

EFFERENT - MGB , ipsilateral superior colliculus, opposite inferior colliculus
Tectobulbar and tectospinal, tectocerebellar

96
Q

Function of inferior colliculus

A

Location of sound

Relay station for auditory pathway .

97
Q

Superior colliculus connections

A

Afferents- spinotectal, from ipsilateral inferior colliculus, corticotectal, retinotectal

98
Q

Pretectal nucleus

A

Located behind mesencephalic nucleus, laterally and anteriorly to superior colliculus
Responsible for pupillary light reflex by passing information to Edinger Westphal nucleus

99
Q

Blood supply of midbrain

A

Posterior cerebral artery, superior cerebellar artery, posterior communicating artery , anterior choroidal, basilar artery

Veins- great cerebral vein, basal vein

100
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A
  1. Maintenance of muscle tone
  2. Maintenance of posture/ equilibrium
  3. Coordination of skillful voluntary motor activity
101
Q

Cerebellum cortex

A

Contains three layers :

  1. Molecular- basket and stellate
  2. Purkinje- purkinje cells(only output)
  3. Granule - granule and golgi cells
102
Q

Purkinje afferent and efferent

A

Afferent - axons of basket and stellate , climbing fibres and parallel fibres

Efferent - only output cells
Lateral vestibular nuclei and deep cerebellar nuclei

103
Q

Corticopontocerebellar fibres

A

Projection fibres that run to the contralateral cerebellum

104
Q

Cells present in motor cortex

A

Mainly bets in pyramid layer 5

105
Q

Cells in primary somesthetic cortex

A

Agranular

Layers 2 and 4 more developed and have more granular than pyramid cells

106
Q

What structure in the brain is the only non neuron part?

A

Pineal gland- contains pinealocytes and neuroglia

Pinealocytes influenced by light
Secrete melatonin and serotonin and ccs

Nerves supply from postganglion sympathetic superior cervical

107
Q

What are the complete sulcus

A

These produce elevations in the wall of ventricles

  1. Anterior calcarine fissure - forms medial wall of posterior horn of lateral ventricle
  2. Collateral figure- forms floor of inferior horn of lateral ventricle
108
Q

What does the tympanic cavity supply?

A 
Mastoid air cells 
Bony eustachian tube 
Medial part of tympanic membrane 
Parotid gland 
Mucous membrane
109
Q

Nerve supply of tensor tympani

A

V3

110
Q

Nerve supply of tympanic membrane

A

Outer - V3

Inner - tympanic plexus (cn ix)

111
Q

Tympanic plexus

A

Found on promontory of middle ear

Made up up Cn ix and sympathetic branches of carotid plexus ( superior caroticotympanic and inferior caroticotympanic)

112
Q

Corneal reflex- blinking

A

Trigeminal - nasociliary is sensory

Facial zygomatic nerve is motor

113
Q

Superior ophthalmic veins formation

A

By angular,supratrochlear and Supra orbital merge

Drains into cavernous sinus

114
Q

What produces aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary processes

115
Q

Eye Development

A

Originate from diencephalon

Optic groves- > optic vesicles -> optic cups

116
Q

What is the first fissure to appear in cerebellum

A

Anterolateral separating flocculonodular lobe from corpus cerebellum

Next fissure is primary fissure (separating anterior from posterior)

Anatomy (9 decks)

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