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Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Types of neuroglia for support

A

Astrocytes -protoplasmic and fibrous
Forms B.B.b ..monitor and regulate interstitial fluid
Oligodencrocytes and Schwann cells
Microglial- smallest and phagocytic activity
Ependymal -ciliates columnar, Secretes csf
Satellite or capsular- surrounds neurons for support

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2
Q

Two types of functional nervous system

A

Somatic- voluntary

Autonomic -glands, smooth muscles

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3
Q

What is the 5 cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal

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4
Q

White and grey communicants

A

Connect ventral rami of Lumbar 1 and 2 and all thoracic spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglion

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5
Q

Division of spinal nerves

A 
Root -ventral and dorsal 
Trunk - intervertebral Foramen 
Rami- ventral and dorsal 
Grey communicants -sns spinal nerves 
Grey and white- sns lumbar thoracic
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6
Q

Types of ganglia

A

Spinal- pseudo unipolar
Cell bodies are a large and round with centrally place nuclei
Dense nerve fibers, lots of satellite cells but few capillaries

Autonomic- motor neurons
Cells bodies are irregularly shaped with peripherally places nuclei
Scattered nerve fibres, few scattered satellite cells

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7
Q

What are neurofibrils.

A

Found in axon…transport of proteins … contain neurofilaments and microtubles
Support cell body and processes

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8
Q

What surround the nerve fasicles ?

A

Perineureum while epineureum covers the nerve

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9
Q

Epsp

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential
Opening of na k channels
Action potential

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10
Q

Ipsp

A 
Opening of chlorine channel 
Hyperpolarisation 
No ap
GABA and glycine
Temporary: nitric oxide...transduction pathways in guanylyl cyclase
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11
Q

Synaptic fatigue

A

Repeated stimulation produces smaller response

Low neurotransmitter stores

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12
Q

ACh

A

Only neurotransmitter used as a muscular junction
Excitatory
Depolarization
Action potential

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13
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A 
31
Cervical -8
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacrum -5
Coccyxgeal- 1
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14
Q

How is adrenaline formed

A 
Tyrosine-hydroxylase
L-dopa-decarboxylase
Dopamine-beta hydroxylase
Ne-PNMT -methylated and cortisol 
E
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15
Q

Which neurotransmitter is made from tryptophan

A

Serotonin

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter has no metabolic function

A

GABA

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17
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

GABA deficiency

Uncontrolled movements, difficulty in cognitive skills

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18
Q

Pheochromacytoma

A

Secrets ne instead of e

Tumor of adrenal medulla

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19
Q

Myelinating cells

A

Cns- oligodendrocytes

Pens- Schwann cells

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20
Q

When does myelination start

A

4th intrauterine month and finish around 2-3 yrs

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21
Q

Where can bipolar neurons be found ?

A

Vestibucochlear nerve and retina

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22
Q

Glial cells

A

PNs- Schwann ( myelin and rengeneration of axon) and satellite cells ( regulate neurotransmiter levels and nutrients)

Cns - astrocyte( supply nutrients and removal of neurotransmitter , formation of bbb, maintain ca2+ and k, and movement of neurons during brain development)
2. Oligodendrocytes, micoglial and ependymal cells( protection of ventricle, production and circulation of CSf)

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23
Q

Spinal cord develops from

A

Caudal part of neural tube

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24
Q

Meninges are made up of three layers

A
  1. Spinal dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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25
Embryo of meninges
Neural crest cells- pia-arachnoid meninges | Mesenchyme around neural tube condense to form spinal dura mater
26
Nerve supply of dura mater
Recurrent meninges of spinal nerves
27
Which neuron is only found in cns
Interneuron
28
Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
V,vii,Ix, x
29
Which glial cell maintain appropriate balance of ca2+ and K+ in nerve transmission
ASTROCYTE
30
How do ependymal cells protect?
They line ventricles of the brain, choroid plexus and central canal of spine (contain csf) Other functions: produce csf and ids in circulation of csf
31
Oligodendrocytes vs schwann cells
oligodend ocytes found in cns They produce myelin and support cns neurons Schwann cells myelinated pns and aids in regeneration of axons
32
Astrocytes vs satellite cells
Both glial cells - support and nourish Astrocyte in cns and satellite in pns They regulate nourish and neurotransmitter levels
33
Brachial plexus formed from
Cervical enlargement of grey matter motor neurons(large cervical neurons)
34
Which layer of meninge is avascular .
Arachnoid mater Thin, membranous , transparent , delicate
35
Where do you give analgesics
Caudal in sacral hiatus
36
Tap csf
Csf in subarachnoid space Lumbar cistern- widening space below L1 until s3 Between l3 and l4
37
Structure in lumbar cistern
Filum terminale | Cauda equine
38
Identification of first lumbar nerve during Surgery
The 21st ligamentum denticulum runs obliquely from T12 to L1. Ligwmentum denticulum is a modification of pia mater that is between ventral and dorsal roots connecting to dura mater
39
Cauda Equina
Bunch of nerve below conus medullaris that go lateral downwards Horse shaped tail
40
What are the functions of central anterior horn nuclei of the spinal cord?
Three nuclei: 1. Phrenic nucleus- c3-c5 diaphragm innervation 2. Spinal nucleus of accessory- c1-c5 innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles 3. Lumbosacral- l2-s1 no known function
41
Which group of AH cells of spinal cord causes urinary incontinence ?
Lateral | Retrodorsal lateral nuclei affects perineal muscles
42
Polio destroys which part of spinal cord
Ventral part of spinal cord causing paralysis
43
Which nerve forms Substantia gelatinosa below cervical 2 spinal segment?
V- trigeminal
44
What cranial nucleus supplies up to c5- c6 segment
Spinal accessory
45
Which nucleus lies dorsolateral to hypoglossal?
Dorsal nucleus of vagus
46
What lies at the inferior Olivary section?
Floor of the fourth ventricle | Mid olivary
47
What are three nuclei found in sensory decussation and inferior olivary section of medulla?
Tructus solitarius Dorsal vagus Hypoglossal nuclei Ambiguus Pyramidal decussation- suprspinal and accessory nucleus
48
In pons, what makes up the transverse and longitudinal fibres?
Longitudinal- corticospinal, corticobulbar and corticopontine Transverse- pontocerebellar
49
What are the parts of pons
Dorsal / tegmentum made up of pyramid and middle cerebellar peduncle Basically/ ventral made up of medical lemniscus, spinal lemnicus, trapezoid ody, superior olivary spinal nucleus and trigeminal tract, vestibular and cochlear nuclei, nuclei 5,6,7,8,
50
What is neurobiotaxis
Occurs in pons at facial colliculus where facial sensory nuclei migrates to motor trigeminal nucleus around Abducen nucleus
51
What parts make up Substantia Nigra?
Pars compacts - rich in melanin dopaminergic neurons Lots of cell bodies and small to medium neurons Pars reticularis - rich in iron Little cell bodies and large motor neurons
52
Midbrain location
Smallest segment 2cm Crus cerebra continuous causally with basilar pons Located between pons and thalamus Overlapped laterally by parahippocampal gyrus
53
Interpeduncular fossa
Anteriorly - optic chiasma Anterolaterally- optic tracts Posterolaterally-crus cerebra Posterior- pons Floor- infundibular and medial eminence Mammillary bodies Posterior perforated substance by central posterior cerebral artery Contains circle of Willis ...rhomboid shape
54
Pontocerebellar angle syndrome
Affects pons Due to acoustic neuroma (Schwann cells surrounding cochlear) lateral caudal region Affects cn 5,7,8 resulting in tinnitus, ipsilateral facial palsy and loss of pain and sensation
55
Central tegmental fibres
Located in pons and mid brain ( brain stem) Contains descending fibres from PAG and red nucleus to inferior olivary nucleus Contains ascending fibres from brainstem nuclei to intralaminar nuclei and other parts of diencephalon( lambic system)
56
Nuclei of trigeminal nerve
Cn 5 originates in pons Has three nuclei: Mesencephalic nuclei- proprioceptive sensation Main sensory- touch and pressure sensations Spinal nucleus - pain and temperature sensation
57
Trochlear nerve
Smaller cn Optic nerve and trochlear decussates before target Originate medial ventral to central grey matter of midbrain Closely related to medial longitudinal fasciculus Exits dorsally at frenulum velivwfter decussating cranially to superior medullary velum
58
Internal feature of midbrain
Different in tegmentum at levels of inferior and superior colliculus
59
What are the afferents of red nucleus?
Corticorubral Pallidorubrwl Cerebellorubrwl
60
Effects of red nucleus
Go to Vl of thalamus Rubro spinal Rubrobulbar Rubroreticular
61
Function of Substantia Nigra
Facilitate voluntary movement | Inhibiting involuntary movement to p room skillful movements
62
Function of red nucleus
Located in superior colliculus Monitor cerebellum function of motor systems Maintenance of posture and muscle tone
63
Alternate tracts to corticospinal
Cortico rubro | And rubro spinal
64
Embryological origin of superior and inferior colliculus of midbrain
Dorsal lamina of PAG
65
Pretectal nucleus
Concerned with pupillary reflex constriction to bright light Forms anterior comissure below thalamus (diencephalon)
66
Midbrain lesions
Hemorrhage or occlusion of circle of Willis Tumour of pineal gland - perinauds Hydrocephalus Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery
67
Perinauds
Tumor of pineal gland | Affects superior colliculus
68
Weber’s
Hemorrhage or occlusion of circle of Willis Affects occult motor Corticospinal and corticobulbar
69
Benedictz
Occlusion of posterior cerebral artery Affects paramedics area Occulomotor and red nucleus Dentatorubrothalmic tract
70
What is the first sulcus to appear in cerebrum?
Lateral sulcus appears at 4th intrauterine month | Cerebrum smooth in 3rd month
71
What is allocortex | And neocortex
Allocortex (10 %) Molecular, pyramidal, multiform New cortex- 90% Made up of 6 layers Molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform or polymorphous
72
Pallium
Outer surface of cerebral cortex | Made up of grey matter
73
What sulci appear during 6th month of intrauterine life of cerebrum
Parietal-occipital Cingulate Central Calcarine
74
Classification of sulcus
Primary- growth independently Secondary- Lateral- develops as enlargement of frontal, parietal and temporal lobe Parieto-occipital - backward growth of corpus callousness
75
Surfaces of cerebrum
Convex superolateral Flattened medial surface And irregular inferior surface separated by stem of lateral sulcus Into temporal and orbital surfaces
76
Which sulcus has one stem and three rami?
Lateral or sylphian sulcus Anterior horizontal, anterior vertical and posterior Posterior end and stem (inferior)of lateral sulcus has middle cerebral arteries Superficial and deep cerebral arteries
77
What are 2 important sulci of medial flattened surface ?
Calcarine- begins from occipital pole and ends below splenium corpus callous Parietal-occipital sulcus (secondary sulcus)- begins 5cm away from occipital pole and joins calcarine sulcus
78
What is the vertical line of cerebrum?
Demarcates lobes Imaginary line drawn from parietooccipital sulcus to preoccipital notch ( 5cm away from occipital lobe) Behind is occipital lobe
79
Which sulcus is continuous with paracentral lobule
Pre Central sulcus extends to medial surface to anterior paracentral lobule
80
What is continuous with apex of insula?
Anterior perforated substance
81
What is insula?
White matter of insula know as extreme capsule Insula located deep to lateral sulcus and supplied by medial cerebral artery and deep cerebral vein
82
Branches of cerebral part of ica
``` Ophthalmic Posterior communicating Anterior choroidal Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral ```
83
Arterial supply of midbrain
Superior cerebellar artery | Posterior cerebral artery
84
Stimulation of preoptic hypothalamus
Produces ovulation
85
What do the hypothalamus produce
Vasopressin and oxytocin It regulates secretion of gonadotrophin hormone from pituitary glands via tuberal region (dorsomedial, arcuate, lateral , posterior nuclei)
86
What structures are located in tentorial notch?
Anterior vermis of cerebellum and midbrain
87
Afferents of olivary nucleus
PAG Cerebral cortex Thalamus Red nucleus
88
Parolivocerebellar fibres
From medial and dorsal accessory nucleus from inferior olivary level of mo cross section They project to the cerebellar vermis
89
Blood supply of Medulla
Vertebral artery- pica | Basilar - Arica
90
Mesencephalic trigeminal nuclei
Located in lateral central grey matter at inferior colliculus level Contains pseudounipolar neuron Function : carries proprioceptive information from extraoccular muscles and muscles of masticstion
91
Nuclei of cerebellum
``` From medial to lateral Fastigial Globose Emboliform Dentate ``` GED EFFERENT FIBRES PASS THROUGH SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
92
Nerve that inner innervates ciliary body
Occulomotor- GSE and GVE | It SUPPLIES SOME EXTRAOCCULAR MUCSCLES and sphincter papillae and ciliary body through ciliary ganglion
93
Connections of red nucleus
Afferent - corticorubral, cerebellorubrwl, pallidorubral, thallidorubral
94
Superior and inferior colliculus embryological origin
Dorsal Latina of PAG
95
Inferior colliculus connections
Afferent- lateral lemniscus, fibres from opposite inferior colliculus ( commissural) and MGB EFFERENT - MGB , ipsilateral superior colliculus, opposite inferior colliculus Tectobulbar and tectospinal, tectocerebellar
96
Function of inferior colliculus
Location of sound | Relay station for auditory pathway .
97
Superior colliculus connections
Afferents- spinotectal, from ipsilateral inferior colliculus, corticotectal, retinotectal
98
Pretectal nucleus
Located behind mesencephalic nucleus, laterally and anteriorly to superior colliculus Responsible for pupillary light reflex by passing information to Edinger Westphal nucleus
99
Blood supply of midbrain
Posterior cerebral artery, superior cerebellar artery, posterior communicating artery , anterior choroidal, basilar artery Veins- great cerebral vein, basal vein
100
Functions of cerebellum
1. Maintenance of muscle tone 2. Maintenance of posture/ equilibrium 3. Coordination of skillful voluntary motor activity
101
Cerebellum cortex
Contains three layers : 1. Molecular- basket and stellate 2. Purkinje- purkinje cells(only output) 3. Granule - granule and golgi cells
102
Purkinje afferent and efferent
Afferent - axons of basket and stellate , climbing fibres and parallel fibres Efferent - only output cells Lateral vestibular nuclei and deep cerebellar nuclei
103
Corticopontocerebellar fibres
Projection fibres that run to the contralateral cerebellum
104
Cells present in motor cortex
Mainly bets in pyramid layer 5
105
Cells in primary somesthetic cortex
Agranular | Layers 2 and 4 more developed and have more granular than pyramid cells
106
What structure in the brain is the only non neuron part?
Pineal gland- contains pinealocytes and neuroglia Pinealocytes influenced by light Secrete melatonin and serotonin and ccs Nerves supply from postganglion sympathetic superior cervical
107
What are the complete sulcus
These produce elevations in the wall of ventricles 1. Anterior calcarine fissure - forms medial wall of posterior horn of lateral ventricle 2. Collateral figure- forms floor of inferior horn of lateral ventricle
108
What does the tympanic cavity supply?
``` Mastoid air cells Bony eustachian tube Medial part of tympanic membrane Parotid gland Mucous membrane ```
109
Nerve supply of tensor tympani
V3
110
Nerve supply of tympanic membrane
Outer - V3 | Inner - tympanic plexus (cn ix)
111
Tympanic plexus
Found on promontory of middle ear | Made up up Cn ix and sympathetic branches of carotid plexus ( superior caroticotympanic and inferior caroticotympanic)
112
Corneal reflex- blinking
Trigeminal - nasociliary is sensory Facial zygomatic nerve is motor
113
Superior ophthalmic veins formation
By angular,supratrochlear and Supra orbital merge | Drains into cavernous sinus
114
What produces aqueous humor?
Ciliary processes
115
Eye Development
Originate from diencephalon | Optic groves- > optic vesicles -> optic cups
116
What is the first fissure to appear in cerebellum
Anterolateral separating flocculonodular lobe from corpus cerebellum Next fissure is primary fissure (separating anterior from posterior)

Anatomy (9 decks)

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