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Human Physiology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what does pulmonary respiration consist of?

A

process of ventilation

exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs

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2
Q

what does cellular respiration consist of?

A

o2 utilisation and co2 production in the cells of organisms when breaking down glucose into ATP which is used for energy

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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3
Q

what is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

A

ventilation - movement of a volume of gas into and out of the lungs

respiration - exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across a membrane in either the lungs or at the cellular level

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4
Q

what are the main purposes of the respiration system?

A

gas exchange

acid-base balance regulation

homestatic regulation of body pH

vocalisation

protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances

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5
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

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6
Q

what are the major functions of the respiratory system?

A

pulmonary ventilation

external respiration

transport

internal respiration

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7
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

moving air into and out of the lungs from atmosphere

inhalation and exhalation

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8
Q

what is external respiration?

A

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

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9
Q

what is meant by transport as one of the major functions of the respiratory system?

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

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10
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

gas exchange between systematic blood vessels and tissues

supplies cellular respiration

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11
Q

what is the order of parts of the respiratory system?

A 
oral cavity, nasal cavity and nostrills
pharynx
larynx
trachea
site of carina
left/right primary bronchus
left/right lung
diaphragm
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12
Q

what are the functions and components of the conducting zone?

A

functions:
moves air to respiratory zone and humidifies, warms and filters

components:
trachea, bronchial tree and terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

what are the functions and components of the respiratory zone?

A

function:
exchange of gases

components:
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

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14
Q

what is the function of the alveolar macrophage?

A

keeps out dust and keeps the alveoli clean

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15
Q

what is the function of type 1 alveolar cells?

A

maintain the permeability barrier function of the alveolar membrane
comprise the major gas exchange surface of the alveolus

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16
Q

what is the function of type 11 alveolar cells?

A

produces surfactant to stop alveolus membrane sticking together

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17
Q

what is Boyle’s Law?

A

pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container at a constant temperature

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18
Q

what is the atmospheric pressure?

A

760 mmHg or 1 ATM

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19
Q

should pressure in lungs be lower of higher than atmospheric pressure?

A

lower

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20
Q

what is the process of inhalation/inspiration?

A

increase size of lungs

increase volume of lungs

diaphragm flattens (contracts)

external intercostal muscles contract to elevate ribs

thoracic cavity expands

decrease pressure of alveoli (758 mmHg)

air rushes into lungs as flows down pressure gradient

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21
Q

what is the process of exhalation/expiration?

A

decrease size of lungs

decrease volume of lungs

relaxation of diaphragm

relaxation of external intercostal muscles

thoracic cavity reduces

increase alveoli pressure so greater than atmospheric pressure

air moves out of lungs

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22
Q

when is exhalation active?

A

during exercise, especially during maximal tests

23
Q

what does COPD stand for and how can it be treated?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

treated by diaphragm release technique

24
Q

what are some symptoms of COPD?

A

chronic inflammation of the airways leading to increased airway resistance

exhalation impaired

altered diaphragm, reduced motion

25
Q

effectiveness of diaphragm release technique?

A

improves diaphragm mobility, inspiratory capacity and changes in vital capacity

26
Q

what is the treatment of cervical spinal cord injury?

A

inspiratory muscle training

increases inspiratory muscle strength and reduces dyspnea (shortness of breath) and improves thickness of diaphragm

27
Q

what is a symptom of cervical spinal cord injury?

A

respiratory function is impaired

28
Q

what is minute ventilation and what is the symbol and equation for it?

A

amount per minute
Ve
Ve = Vt x f (tidal volume x frequency)

29
Q

what is tidal volume and what is the symbol for it?

A

volume of air moved per breath

Vt

30
Q

what is the breathing frequency and what is the symbol for it out?

A

number of breaths

f

31
Q

what percentage tidal volume (Vt) reaches the respiratory zone in alveolar ventilation?

A

70%

alveolar ventilation refers to the amount of gas that reaches alveoli during a breath

32
Q

what percentage of tidal volume (Vt) reaches the conduction zone in dead space ventilation?

A

30%

dead space ventilation refers to teh amount of volume of a breath that does not participate in gas exchange

33
Q

what is airway resistance and how do you measure it?

A

the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inhalation and exhalation

airway resistance (Raw) = atmospheric pressure (Patm) - alveolar pressure (Pa) / Volumetric airflow (V)

34
Q

what is residual volume and what is the symbol for it?

A

RV

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation (air needed to sustain organs)

35
Q

what is vital capacity and what is the symbol for it?

what is the equation used to work it out?

A

VC
maximum volume that can be inhaled and exhaled

= tidal volume (Vt) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve capacity (ERV)

36
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume and what is the symbol for it?

A

IRV

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled

37
Q

what is expiratory reserve capacity and what is the symbol for it?

A

ERV

maximum volume of air that can be exhaled

38
Q

what is functional residual capacity and what is the symbol and equation for it?

A

FRC
volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration

FRC = ERV + RV

39
Q

what is TLC and what is the equation of it?

A

total lung capacity
6000 mL

= tidal volume + ERV + IRV + RV

40
Q

what are the 2 respiratory control centres in our brains?

A

medulla oblongata (hindbrain)

pons (hindbrain directly above medulla)

41
Q

what is the medullary rhythmicity area?

A

establishing or modifying patterns for breathing

42
Q

what is the function of the medulla rhythmicity area (MRA) when at rest?

A

active - 2 seconds then diaphragm and external intercostals contract (normal inspiration)

inactive - 3 seconds then diaphragm and external intercostals relax (normal expiration)

43
Q

what is the function of the medulla rhythmicity area (MRA) when forced breathing?

A

inspiratory area activates expiratory area

diaphragm etc. actively contract (forced inspiration)

internal and abdominal muscles contract (forced expiration)

44
Q

what is the pneumotaxic area, where is it and what is its function?

A

superior portion of pons (active breathing and quicker)

teams with medulla rhythmicity area (MRA) to set rhythm of breathing

inhibitory impulses

prevents lungs from becoming too full with air as limimts duration of inspiration

45
Q

what is the apneustic area, where is it and what is its function?

A

lower pons (active breathing and slower)

coordinate transition between inspiration and expiration

stimulates inspiratory area to prolong inspiration and slow rate of breathing

ONLY OCCURS when pneumotaxic area is inactive (so overriden by pneumotaxic)

46
Q

voluntary control in dictating how we breathe?

A

motor cortex

47
Q

involuntary control in dictating how we breathe?

A

feedback

48
Q

what is the ventilation loop?

A

sensors to central controller to effectors

49
Q

what is the role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

function to regulate respiratory activity

maintain pH levels

50
Q

what are respiratory strecth receptors activated by and what do they do?

A

activated by overinflation of the lungs

facilitate Hering-Breuer reflex by inhibiting inspiration and allows expiration to occur

51
Q

which neurons feedback and alter ventilatory responses?

A

group III and group IV

52
Q

what does the lumbar intrathecal fentanyl do?

A

partially blocks sensory responses and reduces Vt, Ve and f

53
Q

what is human physiology?

A

studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of normal humans or human tissues or organs

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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