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Human Physiology > neural system > Flashcards

neural system Flashcards

1
Q

what is contained in the CNS?

A

brain

spinal cord

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2
Q

what is contained in the PNS?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
- brain to effectors
- effectors to spinal cord

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3
Q

does the neural system decline with age?

examples of diseases due to this?

A

yes, like most of the systems in the body

dementia, parkison’s and strokes

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4
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A 
4 lobes (FPOT)
big part of brain
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5
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

little brain

coordinates movement by cerebral cortex

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6
Q

role of frontal lobe?

A

concentration and decision making and expression of emotions

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7
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

sensory integration and homeostasis regulation

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8
Q

role of parietal lobe?

A

object recognition

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9
Q

role of temporal lobe?

A

equilibrium and motion detection and STM storage

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10
Q

what is the brain stem?

A

connects brain to spinal cord

connection point of different systems

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11
Q

role of motor function area and sensory area?

A

motor - initiation of voluntary movement (behind sensory area if looking at brain from front)

sensory - sensation from muscles and skin

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12
Q

how to use MRI to understand brain injury?

A

can do MRI of brain to see which areas damaged and which areas of body they control

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13
Q

which pairs in the cranial nerves are responsible for what?

A

1 (smell), 2 (vision) & 5 (touch and chewing) = sensory

3 (eyelid), 4 (eye movement), 5 (chewing), 6 (eye movement) = motor

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14
Q

what are afferent nerves?

1/2 nerves in PNS

A

sensory neurons

- impulses from receptors to CNS

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15
Q

what are efferent nerves?

1/2 nerves in PNS

A

motor neurons

- impulses from CNS to effectors

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16
Q

what are baroreceptors?

A

stretch receptors

sensitive to changes in blood pressure

sensory neuron example

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17
Q

what are chemoreceptors?

A

chemical receptors

chemical enviro of the blood

sensory neuron example

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18
Q

what are mechano/proprioceptors?

A

muscle tension and length

sensory neuron example

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19
Q

what are metaboreceptors?

A

skeletal muscle metabolites

sensory neuron example

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20
Q

what are thermoreceptors?

A

temperature regulation

sensory neuron example

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21
Q

what are nociceptors?

A

pain

sensory neuron example

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22
Q

what are interneurons?

A

example through pain response:

analyse and store sensory info and make decisions

act as a shortcut by passing afferent transmission to efferent response without need to involve brain

spinal cord can contol simple motor reflexes
brain controls more complex and subconscious motor reactions

23
Q

describe the myotatic/stretch reflex?

A

stretch sensed by Muscle-Spindles

signal to afferent which sends signal to spinal cord

motor neurons send efferent impulses to agonist muscle to contract

interneurons block motor neurons signalling antagonist muscle to not contract

24
Q

what is the autonomc nervous system?

what it uses and function

A

involuntary processes

uses SNS and PNS

25
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

what it uses and function

A

uses motor neurons

skeletal muscle function

26
Q

what is the sensory function of the neural system?

A

sense change in the internal and exetrnal enviro through sensory receptors

afferent nerves

27
Q

what is the integrative function of the neural system?

A

analyse the sensory info, store some aspects and ake decisions

interneurons

28
Q

what is the motor function of the neural system?

A

to respond to stimuli by initiation of action

efferent nerves

29
Q

describe neurons?

A

functional units of nervous system

convert stimuli to nerve impulses

30
Q

what are neuroglia?

A

don’t generate or conduct nerve impulses just protect and support neurons

e.g astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and microglia and Schwann cells

31
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

support cells in CNS

type of neuroglia

32
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

regulate electrical transmission in brain

type of neuroglia

33
Q

what are the 2 components and 3 types of the motor unit?

A
  1. alpha-motor neurons (AMN)
  2. muscle fibres innervated by the AMN

1) slow type 1 fibres
2) fatigue resistant type 2a fibres
3) fast fatiguing type 2x fibres

1 motor neuron innervates each single muscle cell

34
Q

role of dendrites, axon hillock, axon, synapses, myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier?

anatomy of the neuron

A

dendrites - picking up signals

axon hillock - nerve impulse generated

axon - carries electrical impulse away from cell body

synapses - contact point

myelin sheath - contains Schwann Cells and insulating, fatty sheath which surrounds nerve fibres

Nodes of Ranvier - periodic breaks of myelin sheath

35
Q

what is the importance of the myelin sheath?

A

speeds up transmission of impulses

36
Q

what are the 3 groups of nerve fibres and their myelin status?

A

A group - alpha, beta and gamma
- all myelinated

B nerve fibres
- moderate myelination

C nerve fibres
-unmyelinated

37
Q

when is the velocity of action potential the fastest?

A

amount of myelination - myelinated

axon diameter -
large diameter

temperature -
higher temperatures

38
Q

what are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?

location of cell body in each?

A
  1. multipolar - cell body at top
  2. bipolar - cell body in middle so signal takes longer
  3. unipolar - cell body separated and in middle
39
Q

what is an action potential?

A

sequence of rapidly occurring events that reverse the membrane potential and then restore to a resting state

40
Q

what is the membrane potential?

A

difference in amount of electrical charge inside and outside of cell
(negative inside and positive outside)

41
Q

describe the resting membrane potential?

A

due to the concentration of ions inside and outside

more potassium inside cell and more sodium outside it

membrane permeability much greater for potassium

inward flow of NA can’t match outward flow of K

Na/K pump removes Na as fast as it leaks in

42
Q

what are the K and Na thresholds of voltage gated channels?

A

Na - -55mV

K - 30mV

43
Q

what is depolaristion?

A

occurs when sufficient stimulus depolarises cell

voltage gated Na open and sodium floods in

44
Q

what is repolarisation?

A

return to resting membrane potential

Na channels close
K leaves to cell through voltage gated K channels

45
Q

what is hyperpolarisation?

A

delay in closing of voltage gated K channels

46
Q

what is the speed of action potential propagation in each fibre type of the motor unit?

A

A fibres - fastest as myelinated

B fibres - medium

C fibres - slowest

47
Q

role of synaptic transmission?

A

allow neurons to communication via synaptic transmission

48
Q

examples of excitatory, inhibitory and both neurotransmitters?

A

excitatory - glutamate
inhibitory - gamma aminobutyric acid
both - noradrenaline

49
Q

what are the 2 types of synpase?

A
  1. chemical

2. electrical

50
Q

describe excitatory postsyaptic potential?

A

depolarisation via ligand gated Na channels

51
Q

describe inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

more negative or hyperpolarised via ligand gated CL or K channels

52
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

summation of effects of neurotrasmitters released from several end bulbs onto one neuron

53
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

summation of effect of neurotransmitters released from 2 or more in rapid succession

54
Q

what is meant by refractory period?

absolute?
relative?

A

excitable membrane needs recovery so during refractory period region can’t be excited again

absolute - unable to respond

relative - stimulus must be substantially greater to evoke action potential

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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