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Human Physiology > Blood & O2 transport > Flashcards

Blood & O2 transport Flashcards

1
Q

what is boyle’s law?

A

pressure is inversely proportional to volume

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2
Q

when does diffusion occur?

A

down the pressure gradient not concentration gradient

facilitates movement of gases across membranes

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3
Q

what is Dalton’s law?

A

the total pressure of a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in a mixture

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4
Q

what is the equation to work out partial pressure of a gas?

and an example using oxygen?

A

= % concentration of the gas within the mixture (converted into a decimal) x total pressure of mixture

partial pressure of O2 = 0.2093 x 760 = 159 mmHg

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5
Q

what is the total pressure of air?

A

760 mmHg or 1 ATM

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6
Q

what is the % concentrations of the main 3 gases in atmospheric air?

A
  1. 93% = oxygen
  2. 03% = carbon dioxide
  3. 04% = nitrogen
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7
Q

what is Henry’s law?

what are the 2 constants?

A

the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above and solubility of the gas in equlilibrium with the liquid (gas partial pressures equal in both locations)

solubility and temperature constant

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8
Q

relationship between pressure and solubility of gas molecules?

A

more gas molecules are soluble at a higher pressure

as gases diffuse from areas of high pressure to low pressure

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9
Q

what is Fick’s law of diffusion?

A

rate of gas transfer is proportional to tissue area, diffusion coefficient of gas and difference of partial pressures of gases on both sides of tissue

and inversely proportional to the thickness

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10
Q

what is the equation for Fick’s law of diffusion?

A

V gas = A x D x (p1-p2) / T

V gas - rate of diffusion
a = tissue area
d = diffusion coefficient of gas
p1-p2 = difference in partial pressures
t = tissue thickness
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11
Q

what are some of the values when working out Fick’s law of diffusion in the lungs?

A

v gas = A(80-100 M2) x D x (Palveoli-Pblood)

/ T (0.3uM as alveoli thickness)

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12
Q

what are the effects of smoking on the alveoli similar to?

A

the effects of COPD as causes emphysema in alveoli

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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13
Q

what is dry drowning?

A

fluid builds up in alveoli and begins to leak into the lungs

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of capillaries?

A

very thin so short diffusion pathway - single cell layer (0.3mm)

microscopic vessels

large surface area

slower blood flow in capillary bed

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of arteries?

A

2cm diameter

blood velocity = 34 cms-1 (faster than veins and capillaries)

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of veins?

A

0.001cm diameter (pressure in veins much lower than capillaries)

blood velocity = 0.05cms-1

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17
Q

what are the partial pressures of O2 and Co2 in dry air and teh in the alevoli?

A

O2 - 160 in dry air and 100 in alevoli and 40 in venuous blood and cells

CO2 - 0.25 in dry air but 40 in alveoli and 46 in venuous blood and cells

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18
Q

which blood samples would you take for capillary? or for venuous?

A

capillary - fingertip or ear

venuous - venipuncture or cannula

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19
Q

what is needed for capillary blood collection?

A

disinfectant, sterile swabs and gloves, safety lancet, sample containers, plasters and a waste container

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20
Q

where are the most singificant capillary vessels located?

A

0.35-1.6 mm below the surface of the skin

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21
Q

how to use sample containers?

A

cappilaries should be kept horizontal or slightly inclined

sample container must be inverted after being filled with blood

22
Q

what are the 3 components of blood and what are they made up of?

A

plasma
- 91.5% water, 7% proteins and 1.5% other e.g hormones

buffy coat
-thin layer carrying white blood cells and platelets

haematocrit

  • contains red blood cells (normal blood)
  • females have 37-47% haematocrit
  • males have 42-52% haematocrit
23
Q

is O2 or CO2 more soluble at 37 degrees?

A

CO2 is 22x more soluble

24
Q

what are the 2 transport methods of oxygen?

A
  1. O2 dissolved in plasma (1%)

2. O2 combined with haemoglobin in red blood cells (99%)

25
Q

what role does O2 dissolved in plasma have?

A

established the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

regulates breathing and determines loading of haemoglobin

26
Q

what role does O2 combined with haemoglobin have?

A

O2 moves into RBC via diffusion and binds with haemoglobin

moves to tissue and unbind and diffuses into tissue for use

27
Q

what are the properties of haemoglobin?

A

4 iron molecules which bind to 4 oxygen molecules per 1 haemoglobin molecule

so high affinitiy for O2

28
Q

what does high affinity mean?

A

better at binding to e.g O2

29
Q

what does haemoglobin + oxygen =?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

30
Q

what happens to the partial pressure of oxygen during haemoglobin loading and unloading?

A

partial pressure increases during loading

partial pressure decreases when unloading

31
Q

what does the higher the partial pressure of oxygen =?

A

higher % of O2 saturation (absoprtion)

32
Q

what are the factors for haemoglobin O2 affinity?

A

acidity
partial pressure of CO2
temperature

affinity of haemoglobin decreases as these factors increase

33
Q

what happens to haemoglobin during acidosis and what is it?

A

acidosis - acidity increase so ph decreases

affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen decrease so more oxgen delivered to acidic sites

34
Q

what happens to haemoglobin when the partial pressure of CO2 increases?

A

partial pressure of CO2 increases during exercise

affinity of haemoglobin decreases as more oxygen is released from hard working tissues

35
Q

what is the role of BPG?

A

formed during glycolysis

helps to unload O2 by binding with haemoglobin

36
Q

what is myoglobin and what are the properties of it?

A

iron-containing globular protein in skeltal and cardiac muscles

contains 1 iron atom
has an even higher affinity than heamoglobin even when low oxygen levels

transfers O2 from cell membrane to mitochondira/muscles

37
Q

what does cytochrome C oxidase have a higher affinity than?

A

both haemoglobin and myoglobin

38
Q

what is the importance of red blood cells when O2 in is high demand?

A

they release ATP to reduce O2 unloading

39
Q

how many blood types are there and what are they?

A 
8
A-A+
B-B+
AB-AB+
O-O+
40
Q

what are the characteristics of type A blood?

A

antibody B in plasma
antigen A in red blood cell

A+ can give blood to A+ and AB+ and can receive from all As and all Os

A- can give blood to all As and all ABs and can receive blood from A- and O-

41
Q

what are the characteristics of group B blood?

A

has antibody A antibodies in plasma
has antigen B in red blood cell

B+ - give to B+ and AB+
- receive from all Bs and all Os

B- - give toBs and all ABs
- can receive from B- and O-

42
Q

what are the characteristics of group AB blood?

A

no antibodies in plasma
both A % B antigens in red blood cells

AB+ - can give to AB+
- can receive from everyone

AB- - can give to both ABs
- can receive from only - s

43
Q

what are the charctertics of group O blood?

A

has antibodies A and B in plasma
has no antigens in red blood cells

O+ - can give to all +s
- can receive from Os

O- - can give to everyone
- can only receive from O-

44
Q

what are the 3 transport methods of CO2?

A
  1. dissolved (7%)
  2. carbamino compounds e.g carbaminohaemoglobin (23%)
  3. bicarbonate ions (70%) in plasma
45
Q

what is the equation involving bicarbonate ions and CO2 when either acidosis or alkalosis?

A

acidosis: H+ + HCO3- forms H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which splits into CO2+H2O
alkalosis: CO2 + H2O forms H2CO3 which breaks down to form H+ + HCO3-

46
Q

how and why does the chloride shift occur?

A

when HCO3- is removed from the system, only H+ remains and therefore there is an imbalance of charges

therefore, Cl- is brought in to balance the charges

47
Q

what is the legal advantage of training?

A

elicits hypoxaemia (low O2 levels)
which causes kidneys to secrete EPO hormone
this stimulates RBC production in marrow of long bones
increases RBC mass and thus haemoglobin
so increase O2 carrying capacity

48
Q

what is the illegal advantage of training?

A

blood doping:

withdraw some blood and store in the fridge
training then recovers RBC mass
then injection of own blood increases RBCs

EPO injections

49
Q

what is a hypobaric environment and what occurs there?

A

enviro with low atmospheric pressure e.g high altitude

concentration of gases in mixture stays the same
but reduction in total pressure decreases partial pressure of O2 so less molecules

50
Q

what are the consequences on blood of anaemia?

A

reduces red blood cells (haematocrit percentage reduction)

reduces iron and therefore O2 carrying capacity

51
Q

what are the consequnces on blood of polycythemia?

A

elevated percentage of haematocrit

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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