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Human Physiology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 purposes of the CV system?

A
  • controls blood transport around the body
    1. transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
    2. removal of CO2 from tissues
    3. transport of hormones
  • regulation of body temperature
  • immune function
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2
Q

what are the 4 main components of the CV system?

A
  1. heart
  2. arteries and arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. veins and venules
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3
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular valves called and which is on each side?

A

tricuspid valve (right side between atrium and ventricle)

mitral/bicuspid valve (left between atrium and ventricle)

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4
Q

what are the names of the 2 semilunar valves?

A

aortic valve

pulmonary valve

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5
Q

is ventricle pressure higher or lower during diastole or systole?

A

during systole as squeezing blood out of ventricles so smaller area

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6
Q

what occurs during diastole?

and pressure?

A

relaxation phase
filing of the ventricles with blood from the atria

pressure in ventricles is low
atria pressure>ventricle pressure so atrioventricular valves open

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7
Q

what happens during systole?

and pressure?

A

contraction phase
ejection of blood to lungs or rest of body

pressure in ventricles rises
ventricle pressure>aortic pressure so semilunar valves open and atrioventricular valves shut

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8
Q

describe an ECG?

A

composite record of electrical events in the heart

12 lead ECG
10 lead ECG: V1-V6, LA, LL, RA and RL

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9
Q

describe the electrical activity of the heart?

A

the sinotrial node marks the beginning of electrical activity in the heart

it prompts the anterior, middle and posterior intermodal tracts to send the electrical signal to the atrioventricular node

AV node sends signal to bundle brunch and conduction pathways

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10
Q

what are the 3 main waves of electrical activity in the heart and what do they do?

and what may abnormalities be a sign of?

A

P wave
- atrial depolarisation (before they contract and release blood)

QRS complex
- ventricular depolarisation

T wave
- ventricular repolarisation

abnormalities may indicate disease, events etc.

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11
Q

what is the definition of heart rate (HR) and units?

A

frequency of heart beat per minute (BPM)

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12
Q

what are the typical heart rates of resting males and females who are trained and untrained?

A

resting untrained = 70 BPM

resting trained male = 50 BPM
resting trained female = 55 BPM

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13
Q

what is bradycardia and tachycardia?

A

bradycardia - when resting heart rate is less than 60 BPM (think of brady as ‘barely’ to help)

tachycardia - when resting BPM is more than 100

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14
Q

what is the defintion of stroke volume (SV) and what are the units?

A

amount of blood pumped per heart beat by left ventricle into body
(ml)

(around 2/3)

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15
Q

what is the equation for stroke volume?

A

= end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

before contraction - after contraction
(how much there - how much left)

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16
Q

what are the resting values for stroke volume of untrained and trained males and females?

A

untrained:
f = 55 ml
m = 70 ml

trained;
f = 70 ml
m = 100ml

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17
Q

what is the definition of ejection fraction and what are the units?

A

proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat
(how much of what was in there that got pumped out)

(%)

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18
Q

what is the equation to work out ejection fraction?

A

= (stroke volume / end diastolic volume) x 100

(how much pumped out / how much in there) x100

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19
Q

what is the definition of cardiac output (Q or CO) and what are the units?

A

total volume of blood flow from the heart per minute
(interaction between heart rate and stroke volume)

(L/min)

20
Q

what is the equation to work out cardiac output and what is the typical resting value?

A

= HR x stroke volume (volume pumped out x how many times pumped out in a minute)

5 L/min

21
Q

what is the definition of blood pressure and what are the units?

A

the force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during the cardiac cycle

(mmHg)

22
Q

what is systolic blood pressure?

A

force exerted during ventricular systole

highest pressure within the vascular system

23
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure?

A

force exerted during ventricular diastole

lowest pressure within the vascular system

24
Q

what is the diachotic notch?

A

point between diastolic and systolic change in pressure

25
Q

what is the equation for blood pressure and what are the normal values?

A

systolic blood pressure / diastolic blood pressure

120:80 mmHg

26
Q

what needs to occur for a hypertensive crisis?

A

systolic blood pressure higher than 180

and/or

diastolic blood pressure higher than 120

27
Q

what is the definition of mean arterial pressure?

A

average force during cardiac cycle

28
Q

what are the 2 formulas for mean arterial presure?

A

= diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic blood pressure)

= 2/3 diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 (systolic blood pressure)

mmHg

29
Q

what is the definition of rate-pressure product (RPP)?

A

an estimation of myocardial workload and resulting O2 consumption

30
Q

what is the formula for rate-pressure product?

A

= systolic blood pressure x heart rate

31
Q

what is the formula to calculate vessel resistance?

A

(vessel length x viscosity(thickness)) / vessel radius^4

32
Q

what is the formula to calculate vessel flow?

A

pressure gradient / resistance

33
Q

what is the formula to calculate blood flow?

A

(pressure gradient x vessel radius^4) / (vessel length x viscosity)

34
Q

what is the most important aspect in improving blood flow?

A

increasing vessel radius as ^4

35
Q

what is vasoconstriction and dilation and the consequences on blood flow?

A

vasoconstriction - radius decrease, so resistance to blood flow increases

vasodilation - radius increases, so resistance to blood flow decreases

36
Q

what is occlusion?

A

the blockage or closing of a blood vessel (results in increased resistance to blood flow)

37
Q

what are the 5 determinants of blood pressure?

A 
blood volume
peripheral resistance
blood viscosity
heart rate
stroke volume
38
Q

which neural influence can override the rhythm of the cardiac muscle?

A

the medulla oblongata

39
Q

what are the cardiac control centres in the PNS and the SNS?

A

PNS - cardioinhibitory centre (CIC) - decreases heart rate by activating the vagus nerves (CN10)

SNS - cardioaccelerator centre (CAC) - heart rate increases and so does ventricular contractilicity

40
Q

what are 4 cardiovascular control centre inputs?

A

baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
mechano/proprioreceptors
metaboreceptors

41
Q

how do the SNS and PNS regulate blood pressure and blood flow?

A

SNS - vasoconstriction and blood distribution
- increases in HR, SV and Q

PNS - vasodilation

42
Q

what are the 3 steps in regulating stroke volume?

A
  1. end diastolic volume
  2. average aortic blood pressure
  3. strength of the ventricular contraction
43
Q

which skeletal muscle vasoactive metabolites are released?

A

adenosine
potassium ions
lactate

44
Q

which substances override the SNS and mediate vasoconstriction?

A

nitric oxide
prostaglandins
endothelium derived hyperpolarising factors

45
Q

what occurs during skeletal muscle vasodilation?

A

smooth muscle relaxation
increase vessel diameter
increase blood flow
autoregulation (O2 supply matches demand)

46
Q

what is the blood flow distribution to all tissues during exercise and rest?

A

rest - 5 L.min

exercise - 25 L.min

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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