Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Embryology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lower respiratory system

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does the lower respiratory system begin to develop

A

4th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The respiratory system starts as a median outgrowth-the ___ ___-that appears in the floor of the caudal end of the primordial pharynx

A

Laryngotracheal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The primordium of the tracheobronchial tree develops ___ to the __ pair of pharyngeal pouches

A

Caudal

Fourth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal groove give rise to

A

Pulmonary epithelium and glands of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the foregut make

A

CT, cartilage, smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Signaling pathways of __, __, and ___ control patterning of the expression of __ and __ in the early foregut for the differentiation of the trachea from the esophagus.

A

BMP, Wnt, and FGF

Sox2 and NKx2.1in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In ventral areas, __ is activated while _ is suppressed

A

Nkx2.1

Sox2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

By the end of the 4th week, the laryngotracheal groove has evaginated to form a pouch like ___ ____, which is located ventral to the caudal part of the foregut

A

Laryngotracheal diverticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

As the diverticulum elongates, its distal end enlarges to form a globular ___ ___

A

Respiratory bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The laryngotracheal diverticulum soon separates from the __ __, but it maintains communication with it through the ___ ___ ___

A

Primordial pharynx

Primordial laryngeal inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

As hte diverticulum elongates, it is invested with __ ___

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Longitudinal tracheoesophageal folds develop in the laryngotracheal diverticulum, approach each other, and duse to form a partition - the ___ ____

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The tracheoesophageal septum divides the cranial part of the foregut into a ventral part, the ___ ___ and a dorsal part, the ___

A

Laryngotracheal tube(primordium of the Arnce , trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Primordium of the oropharynx and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The opening of the laryngotracheal tube into the pharynx becomes the ___ ___ __

A

Primordial laryngeal inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The epithelial lining of the larynx develops from the ___ of the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube

A

Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The cartilages of the larynx develop from cell populations int he __ and __ pairs of pharyngeal arches

A

4 and 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The laryngeal cartilages develop from the mesenchyme that is derived from ___

A

Ncc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The mesenchyme at the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube proliferates rapidly, producing paired __ ___

A

Arytenoid swellings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

These swellings grow toward the tongue, converting the __ __ into a t shaped ___ ___

A

Primordial glottis

Laryngeal inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The laryngeal epithelium proliferates rapidly, resulting in temporary occlusion of the laryngeal lumen.

A

Ok

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Recanalization of the larynx occurs by the __ week

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The laryngeal ventricles form during their recanalization process. These recesses are bound by folds of mucous membrane that evolve into the __ __ and ___ ___

A

Vocal folds(cords) and vestibularfolds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The ___ develops from the caudal part of the hypopharyngeal eminence, a prominence produced by the proliferation of the mesenchyme in the ventral ends of the third and fourth pharyngeal arches

A

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The rostral part of the eminence forms the posterior third of pharyngeal part of the tongue

A

Ok

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The laryngeal muscles develop from ___ in the __ and __ pairs of pharyngeal arches and are therefore innervated by what

A

Myoblasts 4 and 6

Laryngeal branches of the vagus nerves t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Growth of the larynx and epiglottis is rapid during the firs __ years after birth, by which time the epiglottis has reached its adult form and position

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Laryngeal atresia

A

Rare

Obstruction of the upper fetal airway bc of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In laryngeal atresia, distal to the atresia or stenosis, the airway becomes ___, the lungs are ____, the diaphragm is ___ or ____ and _____ or ____ is present

A

Dilated
Hyperplastic
Flattened or inverted
Fetal hydrops or ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How diagnose laryngeal atresia

A

Prenatal ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The endodermal lining of the laryngotracheal tube distal to the larynx differentiates into the epithelium of ___ of the trachea and ____ epithelium

A

Glands

Pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The cartilage, CT, and muscles of the trachea are derived from the ___ ___ surrounding the laryngotracheal tube

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Abnormal passage between the trachea and esophagus
1/3000
Males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In most cases TEF is associated with __ __

A

Esophageal atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

TEF results from incomplete division of the cranial part of the foregut into the ___ and ____ parts during the __ week

A

Respiratory
Esophageal
4th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Incomplete fusion of the tracheoesophageal folds result in a defecting ___ __ and communication between the trachea and esophagus

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

__ is the most common anomaly of the lower respiratory tract

A

TEF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

Blind ending of the superior part of the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Usual TEF

A

Esophageal atresia and a joining of the inferior part to the trachea near its bifurcation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Infants with usual TEF

A

Cough and choke when swallowing
Regurgitate milk
Gastric reflux into trachea and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

___ is often associated with esophageal atresia

A

Polyhydramnios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why polyhydramnios with esophageal atresia

A

Excess amniotic fluid accumulates bc fluid cant pass to the stomach and intestines for absorption and subsequent transfer through the placenta to the maternal blood for disposal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Stenosis and atresia of the trachea are uncommon and associated with __

A

TEF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What causes stenosis and atresia of the trachea

A

Partitioning of the foregut into he esophagus and trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Incomplete tracheal atresia

A

A web of tissue obstructs airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The respiratory bud develops at the caudal end of the ___ ___ during the __ week

A

Laryngotracheal diverticulum

4th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The respiratory bud don divides into two outpouchings-__ __ __

A

Primary bronchial buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Later, __ and ___ bronchial buds form and grow laterally into the pericardioperitoneal canals

A

Secondary and tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Together with the surrounding splanchnic mesoderm, the bronchial buds differentiate into the __ and their ramifications in the lungs

A

Bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Early in he __ week the Connection of each bronchial bud with the trachea enlarges to form the primordia of main bronchi

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The main bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi that form __, ___ and ____ branches

A

Lobar
Segmental
Intrasegmental

52
Q

On the right, the superior secondary bronchus supplies the upper lobe of the lung, whereas the inferior secondary bronchus subdivides I tot he bronchi, one connecting to the middle lobe of the right lung and the other connecting to the lower lobe

A

On the left the two secondary bronchi supply the upper and lower lobes of th Leung,. Each secondary bronchus undergoes progressive branching

53
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there int he right and left and when do they begin to form

A

10 right
8-9 left
7th week

54
Q

As the segmental bronchi form, the surrounding __ also divides

A

Mesenchyme

55
Q

Each segmental bronchus, with its surrounding mass of mesenchyme, is the primordium of a ___ ___

A

Bronchopulmonary segment

56
Q

By 24 weeks, approcimately ___ orders of branching have occurred and respiratory bronchioles have developed

A

17

57
Q

An additional __ orders of airways develop after birth

A

7

58
Q

As the bronchi develop,, cartilaginous plates are formed from the surrounding ___ ___

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

59
Q

The bronchial smooth muscle nd CT and the pulmonary CT and capillaries are also derived from the ___

A

Mesenchyme

60
Q

As the lungs develop, they acquire a layer of ___ __ from the ___ ___

A

Visceral pleura

Splanchnic mesoderm

61
Q

With expansion, the lungs and pleural cavities grow caudally into the mesenchyme of the body wall and soon lie close to the ___

A

Heart

62
Q

The thoracic body wall becomes lined by a layer of ___ ___ derived from the __ ___

A

Parietal pleura

Somatic mesoderm

63
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura is the ___ ___

A

Pleural cavity

64
Q

What are the four stages of lung maturation

A

Pseudoglandular
Canalicular
Terminal saccular
Alveolar

65
Q

When is the pseudoglandular period

A

5-17 weeks

66
Q

During the pseudoglandular phase, the developing lungs resemble an _____ ____

A

Exocrine gland

67
Q

By 16 weeks, all of the major elements of the lung have primed, except what

A

Those involved with gas exchange

68
Q

What happens if a fetus is born during the pseudoglandular phase

A

Die cant breathe respiratoion is not possible

69
Q

When is the canalicular period

A

16-25 weeks

70
Q

Why does the canalicular period overlap the pseudoglandular phase

A

Cranial segments of the lungs mature faster than caudal segments

71
Q

In the canalicular period, the lumina of the bronchi and the terminal bronchioles become ___ and the lung tissue becomes __ ___

A

Larger

Highly vascular

72
Q

By 24 weeks, each terminal bronchiole has given rise to two or more __ ___, each of which then divides into three to six tubular passages-___ ___ ___

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Primordial alveolar ducts

73
Q

Respiratorion is possible toward the end of the canalicular stage because Moe thin walled __ ___ have developed at the ends of the respiratory bronchioles and the lung tissue is well vascularized

A

Terminal sacs

74
Q

What happens if a fetus is born 24-26 weeks

A

May survive if given intensive care, it often dies because its respiratory and other systems are relatively immature

75
Q

Terminal saccular period. When

A

24 weeks until late fetal period

76
Q

During the terminal saccular period, many more __ ___ develop an their epithelium becomes very ___

A 
Terminal sacs (primordial alveoli 
Thin
77
Q

In their terminal saccular period, capillaries begin to bulge into these space. The intimate contact between epithelial and endothelial cells, establish the __ ___ ___, which permits adequate gas exchange for survival

A

Blood-air barrier

78
Q

The 26 weeks, the terminal sacs ar lined mainly by squamous epithelial cells of the endodermal origin-___ __ ___-across which gas exchange occurs

A

Type I pneumocytes

79
Q

Int he remains saccular period, the capillary networks proliferates rapidly in the mesenchyme around the developing alveoli, and there is concurrent active development of __ ___

A

Lymphatic capillaries

80
Q

In their terminal sac period, scattered among the squamous epithelial cellls are rounded secretory epithelial cells-__ _ ___, which secrete __ ___,

A

Type II pneumocytes

Pulmonary surfactant

81
Q

What is surfactant

A

Complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins

82
Q

Surfactant forms a monomolecular film over the interior walls of the alveolar sacs and counteracts surface tension forces at the air-alveolar interface. This facilitates ___ of the terminal sacs

A

Expansion

83
Q

The maturation of alveolar type II cells and the production of surfactant vary widely in fetish’s of different ages. When does surfactant production begin

A

20-22 weeks

84
Q

But surfactant does not reach adequate levels until when

A

Late fetal period

85
Q

When babies are born during the terminalsaccular period, both increased surfactant production , induced by antenatal corticosteroids, and ___ ___ __ ___ have increased the rates of survival of these infants

A

Postnatal surfactant replacement therapy

86
Q

When is the alveolar period

A

Late fetal period to 8 years

87
Q

At the beginning of the alveolar period, each respiratory bronchiole terminates in a cluster of thin walled terminal space that are separated from one another by loose ___

A

CT

88
Q

These terminal space represent future __ ___

A

Alveolar ducts

89
Q

The _____ ____ is sufficiently thin to allow gas exchange

A

Alveolocapillary membrane

90
Q

The transition from dependence ont he placenta for gas exchange to autonomous gas exchange after birth requires the following adaptive changes int he lungs

A

Production of surfactant int he alveolar space
Transformation of the lungs into gas exchanging organs
Establishment of parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations

91
Q

__% of mature alveoli mdevelop in the the post natal period

A

95

92
Q

Before birth, the primordial alveoli appear as small bulges on the walls of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

A

After birth the primordial alveoli enlarge as the lungs expand, however most of the increase in the size of the lungs results from a continues increase in the size of the alveoli

93
Q

Alveolar development is largely complete by _ years of age, but new alveoli may be added until _ years

A

3

8

94
Q

Unlike mature alveoli, immature alveoli have the potential for forming additional primordial alveoli

A

Ok

95
Q

Approximately __ million primordial alveoli, one half the number in adults are present in the lungs of full term neonates

A

150

96
Q

On chest radiographs, the lungs on neonates appear __ than adults

A

Denser

97
Q

Between the 3rd and 8th years, the adult complement of __ million alveoli is achieved

A

300

98
Q

Three factors are essential for normal lung development

A

Adequate thoracic space for lung growth adequate amniotic fluid volume
Fetal breathing movements

99
Q

The mechanism modulating lung morphogenetic and formation of blood vessels int he lungs involved the transcription factors __ and ___ signaling

A

Sox17

Wnt

100
Q

Fetal breathing movement occur ___ birth, exerting sufficient force to cause aspiration of some amniotic fluid into the lungs

A

Before

101
Q

These fetal breathing movement soccur approximately 50% of the time and only during ___

A

REM sleep

102
Q

Fetal breathing movements stimulate lung development

A

By the time the fetus is born it has several moths of breathing exercise

103
Q

FETAL BREATHING MOVEMENTS INCREASE AS THE TIME OF DELIVERY APPROACHES

A

Ok

104
Q

At birth the lungs are ___ filled with fluid from the amniotic cavity, lungs and tracheal glands

A

Half

105
Q

How does aeration fothe lungs at birth occur

A

Rapid replacement of intralveolar fluid by air

106
Q

What are the three routes by which the lungs are cleared at birth

A

Through the mouth and nose by pressure on the thorax during vaginal delivery

Into the pulmonary capillaries and pulmonary arteries and veins

Into the lymphatic vessels

107
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Insufficient amount of amniotic fluid

108
Q

When oligohydramnios is severe and chronic, lung development is ___

A

Restarded

109
Q

Why does oligohydramnios retard lung growth

A

Reduced hydraulic pressure int he lungs and its consequently effects on lung calcium regulation may result in pulmonary hypoplasia

110
Q

RDS effects _% of live newborns

A

2

111
Q

Who is most susceptible to rds

A

Premature babies

112
Q

Another name for rds

A

Hyaline membrane disease

113
Q

What is the major cause orf rds

A

Surfactant defiency

114
Q

Prolonged intrauterine ____ may produce irreversible changes in type II alveolar cells, making them incapable of producing surfactant

A

Asphyxia

115
Q

___ are potent stimulators of fetal surfactant production and may be given to the mother if early delivery is a risk

A

Corticosteroids

116
Q

Describe breathing of baby with rds

A

Rapid, labored breathing

117
Q

__% of all neonatal disease results from RDS or its complications

A

30

118
Q

The lungs are under inflated and the alveoli contain amorphous material (hyaline membrane) from substances int he circulation and the injured pulmonary epithelium in __

A

RDS

119
Q

Treatment for RDS

A

Supplementary oxygen and artificial surfactant -more than 90% of neonates with RDS survive

120
Q

Fresh healthy lungs always contain some air. Pulmonary tissue floats. In contract a diseased lung may __

A

Sink

121
Q

Do lungs of stillborn sink or float

A

Sink

122
Q

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Lungs may not envelop normally

123
Q

Why have lung hypoplasia with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Changes in growth factors that exist before the abdominal viscera becomes abnormally positioned.

124
Q

Characterization of lung hypoplasia

A

Markedly reduced lung volume .

125
Q

Why di infants with congenital diaphragmanetic hernia die

A

Pulmonary insuffiency, despite optimal prenatal care, because their lungs are too hypoplastic to support extrauterine life

Embryology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions