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Embryology > Body Cavities, Mesenteries, And Diaphragm > Flashcards

Body Cavities, Mesenteries, And Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

Early int he fourth week of development, the ___ __-the primordium of the body cavities-appears as a horseshoe-shaped cavity

A

Intraembryonic coelom

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2
Q

The bend in this cavity at the cranial end of the embryo represents the future ___ ___, and its limbs indicate the future pleural and peritoneal cavities

A

Pericardial cavity

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3
Q

The distal part of each limb of the intraembryonic coelom is continuous with the ___ ___ at the lateral edges of the embryonic disc

A

Extraembryonic coelom

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4
Q

This communication is important because most of the midgut normally herniated through this communication into the __ ___

A

Umbilical cord

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5
Q

The intraembryonic coelom provides room for the abdominal organs to __ and ___

A

Develop

Move

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6
Q

During the embryonic lateral folding, the limbs of the coelom are brought together on the __ aspect of the embryo

A

Ventral

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7
Q

The ___ ___ becomes the embryonic body cavity, which is divided into three well-defined body cavities during the fourth week: a pericardial cavity, two pericardioperitoneal canals connecting the pericardial and peritoneal cavities, and a large peritoneal cavity.

A

Intraembryonic coelom

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8
Q

These body cavities are lined by the mesothelium- a parietal wall derived from the ___ ___ and a visceral wall derived from the ___ ___

A

Somatic mesoderm

Splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

The mesothelium forms the major portion of the ___

A

Peritoneum

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10
Q

The peritoneal cavity is connected to the extraembryonic coelom at the ___

A

Umbilicus

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11
Q

The peritoneal cavity loses its connection with the extraembryonic coelom during the 10th week as the intestines return to the abdomen from the umbilical cord

A

Ok

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12
Q

During formation of the head fold, the heart and __ __ are relocated ventrocaudally, anterior to the foregut.

A

Pericardial cavity

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13
Q

As a result , the pericardial cavity opens into the ___ ___, which pass dorsal to the foregut

A

Pericardioperitoneal canals

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14
Q

After embryonic folding, the caudal parts of the __, __, and ___ are suspended into the peritoneal cavity from the dorsal abdominal wall by the __ ___

A

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut

Dorsal mesentery

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15
Q

A mesentery is a double layer of ___ that begins as an extension of the visceral peritoneum that covers an organ

A

Peritoneum

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16
Q

The mesentery connects the organ to the body wall and conveys its __ and __

A

Vessels and nerves

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17
Q

Transiently, the dorsal and ventral Mesenteries divide the peritoneal cavity into right and left halves

A

The ventral mesentery soon disappears, except where it is attached to the caudal part of the foregut

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18
Q

The peritoneal cavity then becomes a continuous space

A

The peritoneal cavity then becomes a continuous space

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19
Q

The arteries supplying the primordial gut-what are they-pass between the layers of the dorsal mesentery

A

Celiac arterial trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

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20
Q

Each pericardioperitoneal canal lies ___ to the proximal part of the foregut and __ to the septum transversum

A

Lateral

Dorsal

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21
Q

What is the septum transversum

A

A thick plate of mesoderm that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and the omphaloenteric duct

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22
Q

The septum transversum is the primordium of the central tendon of the ___

A

Diaphragm

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23
Q

Partitions form in each pericardioperitoneal canal, separating the pericardial cavit from the pleural cavities, and the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity

A

Ok

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24
Q

Because of the growth of the __ ___ into the pericardioperitoneal canals

A

Bronchial buds

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25
Q

What are the pericardioperitoneal canals

A

Pair of membranous ridges is produced int he lateral wall of each canal

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26
Q

The cranial ridges-the __ __-are located superior to the developing lungs, and the caudal ridges- the __ __- are located inferior to the lungs

A

Pleuropericardial folds

Pleuroperitoneal folds

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27
Q

As the pleuropericardial folds enlarge, they form partitions that separate the pericardial cavity fromt he pleural cavities. What are the partitions called

A

Pleuropericardial membranes

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28
Q

What do pleuropericardial membranes contain

A

Common cardinal veins , which drain the venous system into the sinus venosus of the primordial heart

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29
Q

Initially the bronchial buds are small relative to the heart and pericardial cavity.

A

Ok

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30
Q

They grow laterally from the caudal end of the trachea into the ___ ___

A

Pericardioperitoneal canals

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31
Q

As the primordial pleural cavities expand ventrally around the heart, they extend into the body wall, splitting the mesenchyme into two layers

A

An outer later that becomes the thoracic wall
An inner layer (pleuropericardial membrane) that becomes the fibrous pericardium, the outer layer of the pericardial sac that encloses the heart

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32
Q

The pleuropericardial membranes project into the cranial ends of the pericardioperitoneal canals

A

With subsequent growth of the common cardinal veins, positional displacement of the heart and expansion of the pleural cavities , the pleuropericardial membranes become mesentery-like folds extending fromt he lateral thoracic wall

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33
Q

By the seventh week, the pleuropericardial membranes fuse with the mesenchyme ventral to the esophagus, separating the pericardial cavity from the pleural cavities

A

The primordial mediastinum consists of a mass of mesenchyme that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, separating the developing lungs

34
Q

The right pleuropericardial opening closes slightly earlier than the left one and produces a larger __ __-

A

Pleuropericardial membrane

35
Q

The pleuroperitoneal folds enlarge, they project into the ___ __

A

Pericardioperitoneal canals

36
Q

Gradually, the folds become membranous , forming the ___ ___

A

Pleuroperitoneal membranes

37
Q

Eventually, these membranes separate the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity.

A

The pleuroperitoneal membranes are produced as the developing lungs and pleural cavities expand and invade the body wall. They are attached dorsolaterally to the abdominal wall and their crescentic free edges initially project into the caudal ends of the pericardioperitoneal canals

38
Q

During the 6th week, the pleuroperitoneal membranes extend ventromedial until their free edges fuse with the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus and the __ __

A

Septum transversum

39
Q

The pleuroperitoneal membranes separates the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity

A

Closure of. The pleuroperitoneal openings is completed by the migration of myoblasts into the pleuroperitoneal membranes

40
Q

The pleuroperitoneal opening on the r__side closes slightly before the __ one

A

Right left

41
Q

The diaphragm is a

A

Dome shaped , musculotendinous partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

42
Q

The diaphragm develops from four embryonic components

A

Septum transversum
Pleuroperitoneal membranes
Dorsal mesentery esophagus
Muscular ingrowth from the lateral body walls

43
Q

This transverse septum , which is composed of mesodermal tissue, is the primordium of the central tendon of the ___

A

Diaphragm

44
Q

The septum transversum grows dorsally from the ventrolateral body wall and forms a semicircular shelf that separates the heart from the __

A

Liver

45
Q

After the head folds ventrally during the fourth week, the septum transversum forms a thick, incomplete connective tissue partition between the pericardial and abdominal cavities

A

The septum transversum expands and fuses with the mesenchyme ventral to the esophagus and the pleuroperitoneal membranes

46
Q

These membranes fuse with the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus and the septum transversum

A

This fusion completes the partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities and forms the primordial diaphragm

47
Q

The pleuroperitoneal membranes represent relatively small portions of the neonates ___

A

Diaphragm

48
Q

The septum transversum and pleuroperitoneal membranes fuse with the dorsal mesentery of the ___

A

Esophagus

49
Q

During the 9th and 12th weeks, the lungs and pleural cavities enlarge, burrowing into the lateral body walls. During this process , the tissue of the body wall is split into two layers. What are they

A

External layer that becomes part of the definitive abdominal wall

An internal layer that contributes to the peripheral parts of the diaphragm , external to the parts derived fromt he pleuroperitoneal membranes

50
Q

Further extension of the developing pleural cavities into the lateral body walls forms the right and left __ ___, establishing the characteristic dome-shaped configuration of the diaphragm

A

Costodiaphragmetic recesses

51
Q

During the fourth week of development, the septum transversum lies opposite the third and did the ___ ___

A

Cervical somites

52
Q

During the fifth week, myoblasts from these somites migrate into the developing diaphragm, bringing their nerve fibers with them

A

Ok

53
Q

Consequently, the __ nerves that supply motor innervation to the diaphragm arise fromt he ventral primary rami of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th cervical spinal nerves, which join together on each side to form a phrenic nerve

A

Phrenic

54
Q

The phrenic nerve also supply sensory fibers to the superior and inferior surfaces of the right and left domes of the ___

A

Diaphragm

55
Q

Rapid growth of the dorsal part of the embryo;s body results in an ___ ___ of the diaphragm

A

Apparent descent

56
Q

By the sixth week, the developing diaphragm is at the level of the __ ___

A

Thoracic somites

57
Q

The phrenic nerves now have a __ course

A

Descending

58
Q

By the beginning of the _ week, the dorsal part of the diaphragm lies at the level of the first lumbar vertebra

A

8

59
Q

The phrenic nerves in the embryo enter the diaphragm by passing through the ___ ___

A

Pleuropericardial membranes

60
Q

For this reason, the phrenic nerves subsequently lie on the fibrous pericardium of the heart, which is derived from the pleuropericardial membranes

A

The costal border of the diaphragm receives sensory fibers from the lower intercostal nerves because of the origin of the peripheral part of the diaphragm from the lateral body walls

61
Q

Posterolateral defect of the diaphragm is the only relatively common congenital anomaly involving the ___

A

Diaphragm

62
Q

Posterolateral diaphragmetic defects occur in 1/3000 neonates ___ ___ ___

A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

63
Q

What is congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Herniation of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity

64
Q

CDH is the most common cause of __ __

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia

65
Q

CHD can lead to what

A

Life threatening respiratory difficulties

66
Q

If severe lung hypoplasia is present, some primordial alveoli may rupture, casing air to enter the pleural cavity, what is this called

A

Pneumothorax

67
Q

What causes unilateral CDH

A

Defective formation or fusion of the pleuroperitoneal membrane with the other three parts of the diaphragm

68
Q

CDH produces a large opening in the ___ region of the diaphragm

A

Posterolateral

69
Q

If a pleuroperitoneal canal is still open when he intestines return tot he abdomen from the umbilical cord in the _ week, some intestine and other viscera may pass into the thorax and compress the ___

A

10

Lungs

70
Q

Often the stomach, spleen, and most of the intestines __ in CHD

A

Herniate

71
Q

CHD usually occurs on the _ side and is likely related to the earlier closure of the right pleuroperitoneal opening

A

Left

72
Q

In CHD chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations, including those of the zinc finger factor __, have been implicated in cases of CDH

A

GATA6

73
Q

How diagnose prenatal CDH

A

Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging

74
Q

Ina. Relatively uncommon condition, __ __, half the diaphragm has defective musculature, causing it to balloon into the thoracic cavity as an aponeurotic sheet, forming a diaphragmatic pouch

A

Diaphragmatic eventration

75
Q

Consequently in diaphragmatic eventration, the abdominal viscera are displaced superiorly into the what

A

The pocket like outpouching of the diaphragm

76
Q

What causes diaphragmatic eventration

A

Failure of the muscular tissue from the body wall toe xtend into the pleuroperitoneal membrane on the affected side

77
Q

What does a retrosternal(parasternal) hernia, herniate through

A

Sternocostal hiatus

78
Q

What is the sternocostal hiatus

A

Opening for the superior epigastric vessels in the retrosternal area

79
Q

Where is the sternocostal hiatus

A

Between the sternal and costal parts of the diaphragm

80
Q

Herniation of the intestine into the pericardial sac may occur or part of the heart may descend into the peritoneal cavity in the __ region

A

Epigastric

81
Q

Large birth defects are commonly associated with body wall defects in the ___ region (omphalocele)

A

Umbilical

Embryology (12 decks)

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