Human Reproduction Flashcards
Perimeter IgM
Thein exxternal peritoneal layer
Myometrium
Thigh smooth msucle layer
Endometrium
Thin internal layer
Mittelschmerz
Abdominal pain accompanying ovulation
It is a secondary sign of ovulation however there are better primary indicators such as body temp, fertile cervical mucus, and change int he cervical position
Some women do not ovulate (anovulation) bc of an inadequate release of ___
Gonadotropins
In some women ovulation can be induced by administration of ____ or an ovulation agent, resulting in maturation of several ovarian follicles and multiple ovulation
Gonadotropins
The incidence of what can increase when ovulation is induced
Multiple pregnancies
In anovulatory cycles the proliferation of the endometrium develops as usual, but ___ does not occur and no __ __forms
Ovulation corpus luteum
In anovulatory cycles, the endometrium does not progress to the ___ __. It remains in what phase until mensruation begins
Leutal
Proliferation
Estrogen oral contraceptives with or without progesterone suppress ovulation how
Acting on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland inhibiting secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone
Sperm accounts for what percent of the volume semen
Less than 5
What is the remainder of ejaculate
60% secretions from the seminal glands
30% prostate
5% bulbourethral glands
How many sperm is in ejaculate
100 million Spears per mililiter of semen
What level of sperm is considered infertible
20-50 million
What level of sperm is steril
10 million, esipcially when it contains immobile and abnormal sperm
What may cause male infertility
Endocrine disorders, abnormal spermatogenesis, reduced levels of seminal plasma proteins, or obstruction of a genital duct
Male infertility is found in what percent of involuntarily childless couples
30-50
Vasectomy
Excision of a segment of the ductus deferens
How long after vasectomy are there no sperm in the ejaculate. Has the volume changed?
2-3 weeks
No
IVF
In vitro fertilization of oocytes and transfer of either the dividing zygotes or a blastocyst into the uterus
The incidence of what is higher with IVF
Multiple pregnancies and spontaneous abortion
How can we tell the sex of a baby very early
Bastomere taken from a six to eight cell zygote and analyze for amplification of Y chromosome
Why determine the sex at 6 to eight cell zygote stage 1st week
In case of x linked disorder want female
Can the polar body be tested for genetic disorders during 1st week
When mother is carrier
Why may early implantation of blastocyst fail
Inadequate production of progesterone and estrogen by the corpus luteum
How does patient present with Spontaneous abortion
Last menstrual period was delayed by several days whose last flow was profuse
Overall early spontaneous abortion rate is _%
45
Early spontaneous abortion is usually due to the presence of __ __
Chromosomal abnormalities
Blastocysts sometimes Implant outside the uterus.
Ectopic pregnancy
Where are most ectopic preg
Uterine tubes in the ampulla and isthmus
Frequency of ectopic tubal pregnancy
1/200
Symptoms of tubal pregnancy
Abdominal pain, abnormal bleeding, and irritation of the pelvic peritoneum
Causes of ectopic pregnancy
Factors that delay or prevent transport of the cleaving zygote to the uterus
Ectopic tubal pregnancies usually result in __ of the uterin tube and hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity during the first 8 weeks followed by death of embryo
Rupture
What is the morning after pill
Large dose of estrogen for several dats after unprotected sexual intercourse
What does the morning after pill prevent
Usually doesn’t prevent fertilization, it prevents implantation of the blastocyst
The endometrium progresses to the lateral phase of the menstrual cycle as the zygote forms, undergoes cleavage and enters the uterus. But a large amount of estrogen disturbs the normal balance between estrogen and progesterone that is necessary to prepar the endometrium for implantation
IUD
Interferes with implantation by causing a local inflammatory reaction
Som IUD contain slow release progesterone, which interferes with what
Development of the endometrium so that implantation does not usually occur
Copper based IUD
Inhibit migration of sperm into the tube
Levonnorgestrel based IUD
Alter the quality of the cervical mucus and endometrial development
Sacrococcygeal teratomas
Remnants of the primitive streak may persist and give rise to a large tumor
Why can a sacrococcygeal teratomas contain tissues derived from all three germ layers in incomplete stages of differentiation
Bc it is derived from pluripotent primitive streak cells
What is the most common tumor in newborn infants
Sacrococcygeal teratomas
1/27000
Prognosis of sacrococcygeal teratomas
Good usually just removed
Disturbance of neurulation may result in what
Severe abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord
Meroencephaly(anencephaly)
Partial absence of the brain
Wh get. NTD
Neuroectoderm
Failure of neural folds to fuse and form the neural tube
Spina bidifa cystica
NT fails to fuse in lumbar region
Hydatidiform moles
Sometimes the embryo dies and the chorionic villi do not complete their development ; they do not become vascularized to form tertiary villi
Hydatidiform moles exhibit variable degrees of __ proliferation and produce excesssive amounts of hCG
Trophoblastic
In _% of cases hydatidiform moles develop into malignant trophoblastic lesions called ______
3-5
Choriocarcinomas
Choriocarcinoma
Metasticise by blood to various sites such as lungs, vagina, liver, bone intestine, and brain
