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Embryology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Perimeter IgM

A

Thein exxternal peritoneal layer

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2
Q

Myometrium

A

Thigh smooth msucle layer

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3
Q

Endometrium

A

Thin internal layer

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4
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

Abdominal pain accompanying ovulation
It is a secondary sign of ovulation however there are better primary indicators such as body temp, fertile cervical mucus, and change int he cervical position

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5
Q

Some women do not ovulate (anovulation) bc of an inadequate release of ___

A

Gonadotropins

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6
Q

In some women ovulation can be induced by administration of ____ or an ovulation agent, resulting in maturation of several ovarian follicles and multiple ovulation

A

Gonadotropins

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7
Q

The incidence of what can increase when ovulation is induced

A

Multiple pregnancies

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8
Q

In anovulatory cycles the proliferation of the endometrium develops as usual, but ___ does not occur and no __ __forms

A

Ovulation corpus luteum

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9
Q

In anovulatory cycles, the endometrium does not progress to the ___ __. It remains in what phase until mensruation begins

A

Leutal

Proliferation

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10
Q

Estrogen oral contraceptives with or without progesterone suppress ovulation how

A

Acting on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland inhibiting secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone

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11
Q

Sperm accounts for what percent of the volume semen

A

Less than 5

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12
Q

What is the remainder of ejaculate

A

60% secretions from the seminal glands
30% prostate
5% bulbourethral glands

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13
Q

How many sperm is in ejaculate

A

100 million Spears per mililiter of semen

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14
Q

What level of sperm is considered infertible

A

20-50 million

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15
Q

What level of sperm is steril

A

10 million, esipcially when it contains immobile and abnormal sperm

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16
Q

What may cause male infertility

A

Endocrine disorders, abnormal spermatogenesis, reduced levels of seminal plasma proteins, or obstruction of a genital duct

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17
Q

Male infertility is found in what percent of involuntarily childless couples

A

30-50

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18
Q

Vasectomy

A

Excision of a segment of the ductus deferens

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19
Q

How long after vasectomy are there no sperm in the ejaculate. Has the volume changed?

A

2-3 weeks

No

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20
Q

IVF

A

In vitro fertilization of oocytes and transfer of either the dividing zygotes or a blastocyst into the uterus

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21
Q

The incidence of what is higher with IVF

A

Multiple pregnancies and spontaneous abortion

22
Q

How can we tell the sex of a baby very early

A

Bastomere taken from a six to eight cell zygote and analyze for amplification of Y chromosome

23
Q

Why determine the sex at 6 to eight cell zygote stage 1st week

A

In case of x linked disorder want female

24
Q

Can the polar body be tested for genetic disorders during 1st week

A

When mother is carrier

25
Q

Why may early implantation of blastocyst fail

A

Inadequate production of progesterone and estrogen by the corpus luteum

26
Q

How does patient present with Spontaneous abortion

A

Last menstrual period was delayed by several days whose last flow was profuse

27
Q

Overall early spontaneous abortion rate is _%

A

45

28
Q

Early spontaneous abortion is usually due to the presence of __ __

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

29
Q

Blastocysts sometimes Implant outside the uterus.

A

Ectopic pregnancy

30
Q

Where are most ectopic preg

A

Uterine tubes in the ampulla and isthmus

31
Q

Frequency of ectopic tubal pregnancy

A

1/200

32
Q

Symptoms of tubal pregnancy

A

Abdominal pain, abnormal bleeding, and irritation of the pelvic peritoneum

33
Q

Causes of ectopic pregnancy

A

Factors that delay or prevent transport of the cleaving zygote to the uterus

34
Q

Ectopic tubal pregnancies usually result in __ of the uterin tube and hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity during the first 8 weeks followed by death of embryo

A

Rupture

35
Q

What is the morning after pill

A

Large dose of estrogen for several dats after unprotected sexual intercourse

36
Q

What does the morning after pill prevent

A

Usually doesn’t prevent fertilization, it prevents implantation of the blastocyst

The endometrium progresses to the lateral phase of the menstrual cycle as the zygote forms, undergoes cleavage and enters the uterus. But a large amount of estrogen disturbs the normal balance between estrogen and progesterone that is necessary to prepar the endometrium for implantation

37
Q

IUD

A

Interferes with implantation by causing a local inflammatory reaction

38
Q

Som IUD contain slow release progesterone, which interferes with what

A

Development of the endometrium so that implantation does not usually occur

39
Q

Copper based IUD

A

Inhibit migration of sperm into the tube

40
Q

Levonnorgestrel based IUD

A

Alter the quality of the cervical mucus and endometrial development

41
Q

Sacrococcygeal teratomas

A

Remnants of the primitive streak may persist and give rise to a large tumor

42
Q

Why can a sacrococcygeal teratomas contain tissues derived from all three germ layers in incomplete stages of differentiation

A

Bc it is derived from pluripotent primitive streak cells

43
Q

What is the most common tumor in newborn infants

A

Sacrococcygeal teratomas

1/27000

44
Q

Prognosis of sacrococcygeal teratomas

A

Good usually just removed

45
Q

Disturbance of neurulation may result in what

A

Severe abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord

46
Q

Meroencephaly(anencephaly)

A

Partial absence of the brain

47
Q

Wh get. NTD

A

Neuroectoderm

Failure of neural folds to fuse and form the neural tube

48
Q

Spina bidifa cystica

A

NT fails to fuse in lumbar region

49
Q

Hydatidiform moles

A

Sometimes the embryo dies and the chorionic villi do not complete their development ; they do not become vascularized to form tertiary villi

50
Q

Hydatidiform moles exhibit variable degrees of __ proliferation and produce excesssive amounts of hCG

A

Trophoblastic

51
Q

In _% of cases hydatidiform moles develop into malignant trophoblastic lesions called ______

A

3-5

Choriocarcinomas

52
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

Metasticise by blood to various sites such as lungs, vagina, liver, bone intestine, and brain

Embryology (12 decks)

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