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Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

7 functions of respiratory system

A

o Ventilation- moves air
o Gas exchange
o Pressure changes in thoracic cavity helps with venous return and helps expel contents from abdominopelvic cavity
o Olfaction
o Speech and sound
o Regulates blood volume by pushing on the veins and moving blood through
o Regulates blood ph by eliminating CO2

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2
Q

upper respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx. Filters warms and humidifies incoming air

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3
Q

lower respiratory system

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli of lungs, more delicate surfaces. Has more smooth muscle so can constrict.

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4
Q

conducting zone

A

from entrance of the nasal cavity through the airways to the terminal bronchioles. moves air to the lungs and allows air to reach exchange surfaces. Controls air flow, traps pollutants

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5
Q

respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar, alveoli, exchanges between air and blood takes place

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6
Q

Mucosa

A

lines the conducting portion of respiratory tract = lamina propria + epithelial cells

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7
Q

what are mucous glands for and where are they found

A

for defense and mostly in the upper conducting portion

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8
Q

what is smooth muscle for and where are they?

A

smooth muscle for regulatory control mostly in the lower conducting portion.

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9
Q

what is mucous made by and for what purpose

A

mucus is made by goblet cells and mucous glands and traps pollutants and pathogens.

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10
Q

cilia function

A

to move mucous towards the pharynx where it is swallowed

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11
Q

consequence if cilia destroyed

A

caused by smoking and they cough more to expel mucous

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12
Q

cilia location

A

lining the trachea

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13
Q

nasal conchae function

A

splits air into separate streams

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14
Q

function of hairs

A

trap large particles

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15
Q

vascularization of respiratory system

A

regulates temperature, mucus traps particles and humidifies incoming air

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16
Q

olfactory receptors

A

smell

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17
Q

3 types of pharynx

A

nasopharynx (back of nose), oropharynx (back of mouth), and laryngopharynx (lower end of the pharynx)

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18
Q

larynx

A

voice box- the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords

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19
Q

glottis

A

narrow opening at superior end of larynx

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20
Q

pharynx

A

throat- shared by both resp. and digestive system

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21
Q

epiglottis

A

lid, which covers glottis when swallowing so food does not go into lungs

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22
Q

phonation

A

sound from voice

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23
Q

what determines pitch of voice

A

pitch based on diameter and how stretch. more stretched=higher pitch, thicker strings=deeper voice

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24
Q

what determines volume of voice

A

how much air

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25
Q

Articulation

A

production of speech

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26
Q

what is important for articulation

A

amplification and lip and tongue movement

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27
Q

trachea

A

windpipe. cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs. shaped like the letter C. an opening to the back

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28
Q

trachealis muscles

A

can expand the esophagus to accommodate big amounts of food

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29
Q

bronchitis

A

results in inflamed, constricted bronchi

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30
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest airway

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31
Q

bronchioles structure

A

no cartilage, no mucous, few cilia, lined with smooth muscle

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32
Q

how sympathetic and parasympathetic effect the bronchioles

A

sympathetic: bronchodilation and parasympathetic: bronchoconstriction

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33
Q

Lungs structure

A

3 lobes in right, 2 lobes in left right is a little larger, left needs to accommodate for heart

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34
Q

pleurae of lungs

A

visceral: on lung and parietal: on wall of thoracic cavity

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35
Q

Type I cells

A

simple squamous epithelium which makes 90% of the wall of alveolus

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36
Q

type 2 cells

A

cells which produce surfactant

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37
Q

surfactant

A

a fatty mixture, which coats the lumen of the alveoli, reduces surface tension and keeps alveoli open

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38
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

mobile phagocytes which engulf small particles trapped in bronchioles or alveolar surfaces

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39
Q

3 parts of respiratory membrane

A

o Squamous epithelial of alveolus – type 1 cells
o Endothelial cells of capillary -
o Basal lamina: in between squamous epithelial and endothelial cells

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40
Q

What happens in pneumonia and why it impairs gas diffusion

A

inflammation of the lobules of lungs which makes it harder for diffusion of gases and to oxygenate lungs/blood

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41
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart.

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42
Q

pressure of pulmonary circulation

A

has low pressure because of the extensive capillary beds in the lungs and less pressure generated by RV

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43
Q

brachial tree

A

the branching system of bronchi and bronchioles conducting air from the windpipe into the lungs.

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44
Q

primary bronchi

A

branch off of trachea to lungs

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45
Q

secondary bronchi

A

one to each lobe, three on right and two on left

46
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

less cartilage, more smooth muscle as bronchi branch and get smaller

47
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

last generation of conducting zone airways

48
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

identified by the presence of some alveoli along their walls

49
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of lungs

50
Q

gas exchange

A

pulmonary and tissue gas exchange. Movement of gases between lungs and blood

51
Q

gas transport

A

movement of gases through blood

52
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

pressure by the weight of the atmosphere, at sea level atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg. As you go to higher altitudes AP goes down and there is less pressure

53
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure inside lungs (inside aveoli)

54
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure between pleurae (outside of the lungs). Relative vacuum (always lower than atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure)

55
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P = 1/V. As volume increases pressure decreases. As volume decreases pressure increases

56
Q

standard atmospheric pressure

A

760 mm Hg

57
Q

Factors that influence resistance to airflow:

A

airway resistance, surface tension, and compliance

58
Q

airway resistance

A

anything that impedes air flow through respiratory tract

59
Q

role of dilation, constriction, and blockage on breath

A

dilation: easier to breath, constriction: harder to breath and blockage: increase resistance and makes it difficult to breath

60
Q

surface tension

A

reduced by surfactant

61
Q

compliance

A

measure how easy it is to expand the lungs

62
Q

what can cause increased compliance

A

emphysema: individual alveoli get destroyed and makes it harder to exchange oxygen

63
Q

what can cause decreased compliance

A

broken rib, no surfactant, scar tissue

64
Q

pneumothorax

A

if intrapleural pressure becomes equal or higher than atmospheric pressure, it no longer exerts suction effect that prevents lungs from collapsing. The added pressure makes lungs immediately collapse. Usually from puncture to lungs

65
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A

decrease pulmonary compliance (fibrosis, neuromuscular disease)

66
Q

obstructive lung diseases

A

increase airway resistance. Easier to breath in than breath out. Trap oxygen poor, carbon dioxide rich air in airways (emphysema, bronchitis, asthma)

67
Q

Definition of respiratory rate

A

breaths per minute

68
Q

tidal volume

A

air moved during one respiratory cycle

69
Q

respiratory minute volume

A

amount of air moved per minute

= TV x RR

70
Q

Anatomic dead space

A

air volume in conducting airways

71
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

amount of air that reaches the alveoli in a minute

72
Q

ERV

A

amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation

73
Q

residual volume

A

air that remains in lungs after maximal exhalation

74
Q

IRV

A

amount of air that can forcefully be inhaled above tidal volume

75
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

the total amount of sir that can be inhaled

76
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

the amount of air left in lungs after a quiet exhalation

77
Q

vital capacity

A

the maximal amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs

78
Q

total lung capacity

A

total volume of the lungs (all four volumes together).

79
Q

how to calculate respiratory minute volume

A

RR x TV

80
Q

how to calculate alveolar ventilation

A

RR x (TV – Vd)

81
Q

AV depends on what?

A

RR and TV, because Vd does not really change

82
Q

how to calculate vital capacity

A

ERV + TV + IRV

83
Q

how to calculate total lung capacity

A

TV + ERV + IRV + RV

84
Q

Dalton’s law

A

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure called partial pressure relative to its abundance. The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of all of its component gases.

85
Q

partial pressure

A

how much of a gas there is

86
Q

What happens to oxygen partial pressure at higher altitudes

A

it decreases

87
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli

A

104 mmHg

88
Q

Partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli

A

40 mmHg

89
Q

Henrys law

A

higher partial pressure means more dissolved gas; lower partial pressure the less dissolved gas

90
Q

the amount of gas dissolved depends on

A

solubility (CO2 has better solubility then O2)

91
Q

the 5 factors that determine efficiency of gas exchange

A 
	Difference in partial pressure – bigger gradient difference will give you more diffusion 
	Distance for diffusion
	Lipid solubility of gasses
	Total surface area for diffusion
	Respiration-perfusion matching
92
Q

to get better gas exchange you need

A 
	bigger pressure gradient 
	small distance for diffusion
	good lipid solubility
	large surface area for diffusion (more alveoli)
	good respiration perfusion matching
93
Q

Carbon dioxide transport in blood

A

o Dissolved in plasma

o Bound to protein portion of Hb

94
Q

formula how CO2 is converted to carbonic acid and from there to H+ and bicarbonate

A

CO2 + H2O – H2CO3 — H+ + HCO3-

95
Q

What happens to each product of the CO2 and H2O reaction?

A

Hydrogen binds to hemoglobin, and bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and dissolves in plasma

96
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

turns CO2 and water into H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

97
Q

voluntary vs involuntary control of respiration

A

Voluntary: make decision to hold breath or breath and involuntary neural control: in the medulla oblongata and is stronger than voluntary

98
Q

Role of RRG

A

all neurons involved in creating basic rhythm for breathing in the medulla oblongata

99
Q

VRG

A

involved in control of muscles for inspiration and expiration

100
Q

DRG

A

involved in control of inspiration and processing of sensory input

101
Q

How chemoreceptors work

A

balance respiratory rates. Triggered by low oxygen and high CO2

102
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

triggers hyperventilation

103
Q

hypocapnia

A

triggers hypoventilation

104
Q

Effect of baroreceptor reflex on breathing

A

speed up breathing and raise blood pressure

105
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex

A

stretch receptors in lungs and prevents them from over expanding or under inflating

106
Q

Protective reflexes

A

sigh, yawn, cough, sneeze

107
Q

Other factors that affect breathing

A

stress, pain, change in temp, swallowing…

108
Q

respiration-perfusion matching

A

blood goes to where fresh air is and air goes to where the blood is

109
Q

Vestibular folds

A

close off glottis during swallowing and play no role in sound production

110
Q

how do vocal folds work

A

“vocal cords” vibrate to make sound.

111
Q

alveoli

A

ends of respiratory trees within alveolar sacs. Sites of gas exchange

224 (7 decks)

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