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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

alimentary tract

A

muscular tube from oral cavity to anus

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2
Q

alimentary tract path

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestine

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3
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

o Ingestion: entering GI tract
o Propulsion: movement of ingested food
o Mechanical digestion: crushing and shearing the food
o Secretion: release of hormones, enzymes, acids, buffers, and salts by GI epithelium and glands
o Chemical digestion: chemical breakdown of food
o Absorption: movement of nutrients across the GI epithelium into blood and lymphatic vessels
o Defecation: excretion of indigestible materials and metabolic wastes via feces

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4
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

covers organ same as serosa

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5
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

lines surface of abdominal cavity

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6
Q

Mesenteries

A

keep organs in place

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7
Q

lesser omentum

A

stabilizes stomach

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8
Q

greater omentum

A

protects abdominal organs

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9
Q

mesentery proper

A

stabilizes small intestines

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10
Q

falciform ligament

A

stabilizes liver

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11
Q

mesocolon

A

stabilizes the large intestines

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12
Q

Layers of tissue in GI

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

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13
Q

muscularis externa

A

made of 2 layers (circular and longitudinal) regulated by myenteric plexus

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14
Q

serosa

A

visceral peritoneum

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15
Q

submucosa

A

layer outside the mucosa, contains: glands, connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels

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16
Q

Mucosa

A

inner most layer (has 3 parts-epithelium: columnar with microvilli, lamina propria: and muscularis mucosae)

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17
Q

Peristalsis

A

muscle contractions that propel food forward

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18
Q

segmentation

A

mechanical processing by mixing. Not forward movement

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19
Q

anatomy of oral cavity

A

lined with oral mucosa and contains accessory organs that turn ingested food into bolus (food mixed with our saliva)

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20
Q

functions of oral cavity

A

sensory analysis, mechanical digestion, lubrication, chemical digestion

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21
Q

there is no nutrient absorption until:

A

small intestine

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22
Q

Functions of tongue

A

mechanical processing, assists with chewing and swallowing, and sensory analysis: taste, temperature, and touch, helps you speak

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23
Q

What is mastication

A

chewing: mechanical digestion which increases overall surface area of food, allowing for better chemical digestion. 32 teeth

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24
Q

Components of saliva

A

salivary amylase, lysozyme, IgA, Bicarbonate, and water

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25
Q

functions of saliva

A

moistening and lubricating the oral cavity and its contents. Dissolving chemicals that stimulate taste receptors and provide sensory information, initiating chemical digestion, deter bacterial growth

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26
Q

3 types of salivary glands

A

parotid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands

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27
Q

parotid glands

A

secrete watery secretion

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28
Q

sublingual glands

A

watery and mucus secretion

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29
Q

submandibular glands

A

mucus secretions

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30
Q

Pharynx

A

shared passageway with respiratory system

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31
Q

Esophagus

A

uses muscle peristalsis to move bolus and folds function to accommodate large bolus

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32
Q

two sphincters in esophagus and their function

A

upper esophageal sphincter and gastroesophageal sphincter: prevent back flow

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33
Q

3 phases of swallowing and what happens in each

A

o Voluntary (oral) phase: tongue forces bolus into oropharynx
o Pharyngeal phase: the bolus enters the oropharynx. Soft palate and epiglottis seal off nasopharynx and larynx, inhibition of respiratory centers. Controlled by swallowing reflex
o Esophageal phase: bolus enters the esophagus. Peristaltic wave pushes the bolus toward the stomach

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34
Q

Functions of stomach

A

o Storage of food
o Mechanical digestion: bolus becomes chyme
o Chemical digestion
o Production of intrinsic factor: glycoprotein necessary for vitamin b 12
o No absorption of nutrients

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35
Q

What are gastric pits

A

stomach mucosa forms deep structures

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36
Q

gastric glands

A

at the base of gastric pits, and contain hormones and gastric juice.

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37
Q

chief cells

A

secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen

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38
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

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39
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucosa

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40
Q

mucous neck cells

A

secrete mucus

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41
Q

G cells

A

secrete gastrin

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42
Q

hormone gastrin and its effects

A

stimulates stomach secretions and contractions

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43
Q

Functions of stomach pH

A

o Kills microorganisms
o Digests plant cell walls and connective tissues in meat
o Activated pepsin
o Optimal pH for digestive enzymes

44
Q

3 phases of gastric activity and what happens in each

A

o Cephalic phase: prepares stomach for food. Causes secretion of gastrin and histamine, which results in increased acid secretion and activity of stomach
o Gastric phase: bolus enters stomach and stretches it. Increase in gastrin and histamine. If stomach becomes too acidic, somatostatin released.
o Intestinal phase: chime enters small intestine. Slow and controlled gastric emptying. Increase production of mucus for protection. Gastric inhibitory peptide: released by small intestine and inhibits the stomach. gastrin: simulates stomach.

45
Q

3 segments of small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

46
Q

what do folds do in the small intestines

A

Folds increase surface area for absorption

47
Q

Functions of the small intestine

A

absorption, propel food forward, completion of chemical digestion

48
Q

most absorption takes place in

A

the small intestine

49
Q

Exocrine cells in the pancreas

A

secrete pancreatic juice. Delivered to duodenum via the pancreatic duct

50
Q

pancreatic juice

A

mixture of enzymes and buffers

51
Q

pancreatic juice ph and why

A

7.5-8.8. to balance out the acid from stomach

52
Q

liver lobules

A

left, right, caudate, quadrate

53
Q

what are hepatocytes

A

liver cells

54
Q

the direction of blood flow in a lobule

A

comes in through the portal venule (corners) to the central vein, and will drain into hepatic vein and be taken away from liver. (corners to the center)

55
Q

7 functions of the liver

A

 Bile production
 Nutrient metabolism
 Detoxification
 Excretion: excretes bilirubin and other substances
 Phagocytosis and antigen presentation cells called Kupffer cells
 Synthesis of plasma proteins
 Absorption and recycling of hormones and antibodies

56
Q

Bile salts are

A

the ones that emulsifies lipids (lipids broken into smaller droplets)

57
Q

bile

A

(mixture of water, iron, bilirubin, cholesterol, and bile salts)

58
Q

lipoproteins

A

how lipids travel around the body

59
Q

types of lipoproteins, where are they produced, where do they go and what is their composition

A

 Chylomicrons: absorbed/formed in the intestines, goes into lymphatic vessel, which is emptied into blood. Large complexes of triglycerides.
 VLDLs: made by liver. Contain lipids and cholesterol. Go to tissues cells that need lipids
 LDLs: made by liver. Mainly made of cholesterol. Goes to tissues. “bad cholesterol”
 HDLs: returns excess cholesterol to the liver. Removed from tissues. “good cholesterol”

60
Q

gallbladder functions

A

stores and concentrates bile

61
Q

what are gallstones

A

form as a result of problems with concentrating bile

62
Q

Large intestine segments

A

cecum, colon, rectum

63
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A

o Absorption of water, electrolytes, bicarbonate and bile salts
o Absorption of vitamins
o Bacteria break down of undigested materials
o Bacteria stimulate the development of the immune system and prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria
o Production and storage of fecal material

64
Q

Reproductive functions

A

o Continuation of species
o Increase genetic diversity through sexual reproduction
o Produce, nourish, store, and transport gametes (reproductive cells)
o Female reproductive system supports and nourishes the developing embryo/fetus

65
Q

testes

A

responsible for production of sperm and testosterone

66
Q

cryptorchidism

A

one or both testes do not descent by birth.

67
Q

temp need to be __ in testis

A

temp needs to be lower in order to produce sperm.

68
Q

what adjusts distance of testis from body to regulate temp

A

The cremaster and dartos muscles

69
Q

Role of scrotal septum

A

separates testes from one another. Keep infections and tumors isolated

70
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

an extensive network of veins from the testes that surrounds the testicular artery and serves as a countercurrent heat exchanger which removes heat from the descending arterial blood.

71
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

coiled inside testes, for sperm production and hormone secretion

72
Q

Functions of nurse (Sertoli) cells

A

surround and support the dividing and maturing spermatocytes
 Maintain blood-testis barrier
 Promote spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
 Secrete inhibin for feedback control
 Secrete ABP which concentrates androgens in seminiferous tubules
 Secrete MIF which prevents the development of a female reproductive system

73
Q

Function of interstitial (Leydig) cells

A

produce androgens (primarily testosterone)

74
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

stem cells that initiate spematogenesis (diploid)

75
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

sperm maturation (elongate and shed excess cytoplasm. Acrosome develops)

76
Q

Anatomy of sperm cell

A

o Head: nucleus and acrosomal cap
o Middle piece: contains mitocondria
o Tail: flagellum
o No other organelles, no energy reserves

77
Q

Male hormones

A

o GnRH: stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
o LH: stimulates Leydig (interstitial cells) cells to produce testosterone
o FSH: stimulates Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis
o Testosterone

78
Q

Testosterone functions

A

 Promotes spermatogenesis and functional maturation of sperm
 Influences behavior: sexual libido (desire)
 Stimulates protein synthesis, muscle growth, RBC production
 Establishes and maintains secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, deeper voice, ect)
 Maintains accessory reproductive organs and glands

79
Q

Role of epididymis

A

sperm maturation and storage, absorbs and recycles damaged and unused sperm

80
Q

the pathway of sperm through the ducts from epididymis to outside

A

ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

81
Q

Components of semen

A

sperm and fluids

82
Q

Seminal vesicles secretions

A

produce seminal fluid: 60% of semen volume. Fructose (provides energy), prostaglandins (cause muscle contraction), fibrinogen (semen clotting), and alkaline environment (neutralize acidic male urethra and activates sperm).

83
Q

Prostate gland

A

provides 20-30% semen

84
Q

what is in the secretions of prostate gland

A

citrate, prostate specific antigen (dissolves sperm clot), seminalplasmin (antimicrobial)

85
Q

Bulbourethral glands secretions

A

produces thick, alkaline mucus that lubricates penis tip and neutralizes urine acids

86
Q

Ovaries: functions

A

o Produce oocytes, which develop inside follicles in the ovarian cortex
o Produce and secrete sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) and inhibin

87
Q

Ovarian cycle: be able to describe the phases

A

o Follicular phase: vesicular follicle grows and matures and inside the follicle the primary oocyte divides to give rise to secondary oocyte.
o Ovulation: follicle breaks open and the secondary oocyte is released.
o Luteal phase: corpus luteum forms which produces progesterone. If pregnancy corpus luteum stays for a couple months. If no pregnancy corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans and ceases hormone secretion.

88
Q

Uterine tubes

A

know that they have peristalsis, cilia and ovulated oocyte enters the tubes and fertilization happens here

89
Q

why does the duodenum have mucous glands

A

Protection from acid coming with chyme

90
Q

large to small cells in small intestine

A

plicae, villi, microvilli

91
Q

Bile functions

A

emulsifies lipids

92
Q

Uterus: anatomy

A

o Fundus: broad superior curvature
o Body (corpus): middle portion
o Cervix: cylindrical inferior end

93
Q

uterus functions

A

protects and nourishes ovum implant as it develops

94
Q

uterus Histology (layers)

A

perimetrium: myometrium: and endometrium

95
Q

perimetrium

A

outer layer, extension of parietal peritoneum

96
Q

myometrium

A

middle layer, muscular wall

97
Q

endometrium

A

inner glandular mucosa (basal: attacjes to myometrium and functional layer: closest to uterine cavity)

98
Q

Uterine cycle: be able to describe the 3 phases

A

o Menses: functional layer is lost. Blood and deteriorated tissue shed.
o Proliferative phase: functional layer regrows stimulated by estrogen
o Secretory phase: functional layer at thickest and it produces secretions called uterine milk. Stimulated by progesterone.

99
Q

which phases of the uterine cycle overlap with which phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase overlaps with menses (early) and proliferative phase (late). Luteal phase overlaps with secretory phase

100
Q

Female hormones

A

GnRH, LH, FSH, Estrogens, progesterone

101
Q

FSH in women

A

stimulates follicular growth and estrogen production by follicular cells

102
Q

LH in women

A

know that spike of LH causes ovulation and later LH drives the formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone

103
Q

Estrogen function

A

stimulate bone and muscle growth, development of secondary sex characteristics, behavior effects on libido, stimulate growth and repair of the endometrium.
They are the dominant hormones prior to ovulation

104
Q

Progesterone functions

A

stimulates the secretory phase of the uterine cycle and is the dominant hormone during the luteal phase (after ovulation); secreted by corpus luteum

105
Q

Function of inhibin

A

negative feedback loop

106
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

maltase, lactase, sucrase

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