Practical #3 Flashcards
tidal volume
volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during a normal breathing cycle
vital capacity
all the air that can be moved into and out of the lungs by breathing
ERV
Volume of air which can be forcefully exhaled below a normal tidal volume
IRV
Volume of air which can be forcefully inhaled above a normal tidal volume
TLC
all the air in the lungs from completely empty to completely full
Residual volume
the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after forced exhale
respiratory rate
number of breaths per minute
what did we use to measure lung volume
the spirometer
how do you calculate respiratory minute volume
(RMV) = TV x RR (breathing rate)
vital capacity formula
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
% of predicted VC
% of predicted VC = (your average VC/predicted VC) x 100
urinalysis experiment (the steps we took)
- obtain urine sample 2. dip test strips in urine 3. wait 60 secs until reading 4. compare colors to provided key
normal color of urine
pale yellow
normal ph of urine
4.5-8
Normal is to be negative for what in urine
glucose, proteins, ketones, RBCs, Bilirubin, WBCs.
specific gravity
the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard. urine compared to water is usually 1.02-1.05
casts?
the urinary sediments that are formed by coagulation of albuminous material in the kidney tubules.
pyuria
pus in the urine usually from infection
albuminuria
albumine in urine usually from kidney disease
glycosuria
has glucose in urine which is a sign of diabetes
hematuria
blood in urine. kidney problems
hemoglobinuria
hemoglobin in urine. can indicate RBC destruction
ketonuria
ketone bodies in urine can show diabetes mellitus or starvation
acid
substance that causes increase in H+
base
substance that removes H+
buffer
substance that can act as either acid or base, depending on the needs
normal blood ph
7.35-7.45
below 7.35 ph
acidosis
above 7.45 ph
alkalosis
normal pCO2 of blood
35-45. above is acidosis. below is alkalosis
normal HCO3 of blood
22-26. above is alkalosis. below is acidosis
Causes for respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation, rebreathing, hypercapnia (too much CO2), respiratory problems like emphysema, heart failure
Respiratory compensation for respiratory acidosis
increase rate of breathing (get rid of CO2)
Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis
excrete H+ and conserve bicarbonate
does respiratory or renal compensation happen first
respiratory compensation happens first and is the faster response and if it doesn’t solve the problem then there is renal compensation
Causes for respiratory alkalosis
hypocapnia, hyperventilation due to pain, anxiety, etc
Respiratory compensation for respiratory alkalosis
lower respiratory rate solves the problem, no renal compensation necessary.
Causes for metabolic acidosis:
increased acid production by muscles, diarrhea
Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis
increase rate of breathing (get rid of CO2)
Renal compensation for metabolic acidosis
excrete H+ and conserve bicarbonate
Causes for metabolic alkalosis
increased bicarbonate levels, vomiting
Respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis
lower respiratory rate
Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis
excrete bicarbonate and conserve H+
chemical buffers in the body
carbonic acid bircarbinate buffer system, protein buffers, and phosphate buffers
