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224 > Practical #3 > Flashcards

Practical #3 Flashcards

1
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during a normal breathing cycle

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2
Q

vital capacity

A

all the air that can be moved into and out of the lungs by breathing

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3
Q

ERV

A

Volume of air which can be forcefully exhaled below a normal tidal volume

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4
Q

IRV

A

Volume of air which can be forcefully inhaled above a normal tidal volume

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5
Q

TLC

A

all the air in the lungs from completely empty to completely full

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6
Q

Residual volume

A

the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after forced exhale

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7
Q

respiratory rate

A

number of breaths per minute

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8
Q

what did we use to measure lung volume

A

the spirometer

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9
Q

how do you calculate respiratory minute volume

A

(RMV) = TV x RR (breathing rate)

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10
Q

vital capacity formula

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

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11
Q

% of predicted VC

A

% of predicted VC = (your average VC/predicted VC) x 100

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12
Q

urinalysis experiment (the steps we took)

A
  1. obtain urine sample 2. dip test strips in urine 3. wait 60 secs until reading 4. compare colors to provided key
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13
Q

normal color of urine

A

pale yellow

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14
Q

normal ph of urine

A

4.5-8

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15
Q

Normal is to be negative for what in urine

A

glucose, proteins, ketones, RBCs, Bilirubin, WBCs.

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16
Q

specific gravity

A

the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard. urine compared to water is usually 1.02-1.05

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17
Q

casts?

A

the urinary sediments that are formed by coagulation of albuminous material in the kidney tubules.

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18
Q

pyuria

A

pus in the urine usually from infection

19
Q

albuminuria

A

albumine in urine usually from kidney disease

20
Q

glycosuria

A

has glucose in urine which is a sign of diabetes

21
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine. kidney problems

22
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

hemoglobin in urine. can indicate RBC destruction

23
Q

ketonuria

A

ketone bodies in urine can show diabetes mellitus or starvation

24
Q

acid

A

substance that causes increase in H+

25
Q

base

A

substance that removes H+

26
Q

buffer

A

substance that can act as either acid or base, depending on the needs

27
Q

normal blood ph

A

7.35-7.45

28
Q

below 7.35 ph

A

acidosis

29
Q

above 7.45 ph

A

alkalosis

30
Q

normal pCO2 of blood

A

35-45. above is acidosis. below is alkalosis

31
Q

normal HCO3 of blood

A

22-26. above is alkalosis. below is acidosis

32
Q

Causes for respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation, rebreathing, hypercapnia (too much CO2), respiratory problems like emphysema, heart failure

33
Q

Respiratory compensation for respiratory acidosis

A

increase rate of breathing (get rid of CO2)

34
Q

Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis

A

excrete H+ and conserve bicarbonate

35
Q

does respiratory or renal compensation happen first

A

respiratory compensation happens first and is the faster response and if it doesn’t solve the problem then there is renal compensation

36
Q

Causes for respiratory alkalosis

A

hypocapnia, hyperventilation due to pain, anxiety, etc

37
Q

Respiratory compensation for respiratory alkalosis

A

lower respiratory rate solves the problem, no renal compensation necessary.

38
Q

Causes for metabolic acidosis:

A

increased acid production by muscles, diarrhea

39
Q

Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

increase rate of breathing (get rid of CO2)

40
Q

Renal compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

excrete H+ and conserve bicarbonate

41
Q

Causes for metabolic alkalosis

A

increased bicarbonate levels, vomiting

42
Q

Respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis

A

lower respiratory rate

43
Q

Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis

A

excrete bicarbonate and conserve H+

44
Q

chemical buffers in the body

A

carbonic acid bircarbinate buffer system, protein buffers, and phosphate buffers

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