Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiration
process of gas exchange in the body
Inhalation
“breathing in, inspiration”
Exhalation
“breathing out, expiration”
Respiratory System may be divided into two portions
Conducting Portion Respiratory Portion
Conducting Portion
“conducts” & transfers air, no gas exchange here * nose and paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles to the terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Portion
Gas exchange occurs here *Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Functions of Respiratory System; Respiration/Gas Exchange
* oxgyen is taken from the lungs and to the tissues * carbon dioxide (a waste product of cellular activity) diffuses INTO the alveoli and is then expelled out these tubes when we exhale
Functions of Respiratory System; Phonation
he larynx (voice box) is responsible for producing speech
Nasal Cavity
Internal Nose Subdivided by a Nasal Septum *Floor: hard and soft palate *Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Superior Part of the Nasal Cavity
*Olfactory epithelium *Bipolar neurons are the ones that receive the smell and send it to the brain
Functions of the Nasal Cavity
Warming and Humidifying air Filtering air Olfaction
Three bones in Nasal Cavity
1) superior nasal conchae 2) middle nasal conchae 3) inferior nasal conchae
Functions of Nasal Cavity Bones
increase air turbulence in nasal cavity (so the air and any foreign particles ‘swirl’ about, and the foreign particles are more likely to be trapped in mucus during the process)
Paranasal Sinuses
paired cavities/spaces within some of the skull bones that connect to the nasal cavity (fig 25.3) * maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal
Paranasal Sinuses
1) along with the nasal cavity, they help warm and humidify the air 2) these hollow chambers provide a resonance (deepness) to the voice 3) also help lighten the skull
Clinical; Sinusitis/Sinus Pressure
The reason why we have sinuses is because of this
Pharynx
connects the nasal cavity and mouth, to the larynx and esophagus * contains several groups of tonsils – pharyngeal, palatine, (We can see these clearly, back of the mouth, back of the oral cavity) & lingual. (Theyre waiting and trying to keep foreign invaders out of the body)
Functions of Tonsils
Can attack/destroy antigens (foreign matter) before they get too far down the GI or Respiratory Tract
Three Parts of Pharynx
NAsopharynx Oropharynx Larngopharynx
Nasopharynx
* directly behind the nasal cavity * inferior/lower border is soft palate * pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium * contains openings for auditory tubes
Oropharynx
from the soft palate to the hyoid bone *directly behind the oral cavity * both air and food travel in here! * nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium IT needs to be like this because things will rub up against it. For Example: Food.
Laryngopharynx
from hyoid bone to the superior border of esophagus * directly behind Larynx *transports both food and air * nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Larynx
anterior to esophagus (food tube) in neck – ‘voice box’ (If you talk, you will hear this vibrate) – functions: 1) transporting air to trachea/bronchi and lungs 2) (sound/speech production)! *contains many different cartilages, connected together by ligaments
Larynx Components
Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Epiglottis 2 Arytenoid Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilages
forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
Cricoid Cartilage
only complete ring of cartilage * underneath thyroid cartilage *Directly above Thachea *Things will not pass if they’re not smaller than this ring, can also make a airway through here.
Epiglottis
spoon-shaped cartilage at top of larynx * function: it folds over and closes off the larynx when we swallow food, so materials don’t accidentally enter the larynx!
2 Arytenoid Cartilages
- left and right vocal folds (“true vocal cords”)attach from arytenoid to thyroid cartilage * sound is produced when the cords vibrate against the pressure of air ** more air being forced through the larynx - louder sound
How do you get higher sounds versus lower sounds
When you tighten your vocal cords, you make a higher sound. When you loosen your vocal cords, you can make a lower sound.
Bronchial Tree
– As inhaled air travels in these tubes, the tubes get progressively smaller * largest bronchi have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - this epithelium changes to cuboidal and then to simple squamous epithelium as the tubes get smaller * cartilage disappears in the smaller tubes, and is replaced by smooth muscle in the bronchioles
Conducting Portion Components
Trachea Left and Right Primary Bronchi Lobar Bronchi Segmental Bronchi Bronchioles
Trachea
– connects to larynx superiorly – travels from the neck into the thorax – splits into left and right bronchi (bronchus is singular) – composition: a) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium b) c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
Left and Right Primary Bronchi
one goes to each lung * these structures are OUTSIDE the lung * irregular plates of cartilage * once they enter the lung they divide into:
Lobar Bronchi
one goes to each lobe of a lung * cartilage plates (little less cartilage than last time)
Segmental Bronchi
these supply one specific segment of the lung (bronchopulmonary segments) (Fig. 25.12) * still have some cartilage * segmental bronchi divide into smaller bronchi, and these smaller bronchi divide into smaller bronchi, and these smaller bronchi divide into bronchioles. (Bronchioles have no cartilage)
Bronchioles
* no cartilage here! * cartilage replaced by smooth muscle * last set of bronchioles in conducting portion: terminal bronchioles
Asthma
A normal airway is circular and has a large opening. For an individual with Asthma, the Asthmatic airway is constricted and smaller. During an Asthma Attack, the Asthmatic airway becomes extremely small with mucus also coming out of the airway. People cough and wheez during asthma attacks because they cannot breathe.
Pleura
Serous membrane that secretes serous fluid
Parietal Pleura
(Outer Layer) Will line the inside of the rib cage
Visceral Pleura
(Inner Layer) Is actually touching the surface of the lungs themselves
Pleural Cavity
Little bit of fluid in between
Blood Supply to Lungs
pulmonary arteries carry blood LOW in oxygen from heart to the lungs – pulmonary veins carry blood HIGH in oxygen back from the lungs
Surface Anatomy of Lungs; Right Lung
*3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior lobe (Three secondary Bronchi here, one for each lobe) *2 fissures: oblique and horizontal fissures (separates superior and middle)
Surface Anatomy of Lungs; Left Lung
* 2 lobes: superior and inferior lobe * 1 fissure: Oblique fissure – Bronchopulmonary Segments
Respiratory Bronchioles
* these branch from terminal bronchioles * epithelium is cuboidal but ciliated, typically * have some smooth muscle (and elastic/collagen fibers) in walls * may have some alveoli coming off of them * these give rise to smaller segments of the respiratory portion, like:
Alveolar Ducts
long, tube-like passageways (but smaller than respiratory bronchioles) off of which alveoli come. (These alveolar ducts are like walking down the hallway and the doors in the hallway represent the alveoli)
Alveoli
smallest units of respiratory portion * simple squamous epithelium * respiratory membrane is the simple squamous epithelium of the alveolus + the simple squamous epithelium of a pulmonary capillary
Inspiration
Expand Thoracic Cavity Superior to inferior: diaphragm o Anteriorly: sternum o Laterally: ribs
Expiration
Compress thoracic cavity • From Superior to Inferior : Diaphragm • Laterally: Ribs From anterior to posterior: Sternum
