Respiratory System

Question 1

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 1

The inspiration and expiration of air

Question 2

What is external and internal gas exchange?

Answer 2

External-the mvt of O2 into the bloodstream and CO2 into the lungs
Internal-the realease of O2 to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products

Question 3

How is O2 transported in the blood?

Answer 3

1. ) combining with haemoglobin in red blood cells as oxyhaemoglobin (about 97%)
2. ) Dissolved in blood plasma (about 3%)

Question 4

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

Answer 4

1. ) Combined with haemoglobin to carbaminohaemoglobin (about 23%)
2. ) Dissolved in blood plasma (about 7%)
3. ) Dissolved in water as carbonic acid (about 70%)

Question 5

What are the 2 additional muscles for inspiration and expiration?

Answer 5

Inspiration - sternocleidomastoid and pectorals minor
Expiration - internal intercostals and recurs abdominis

NOTE: mechanics of breathing have change->everything in process happens MORE

Question 6

Outline the effect of exercise on gaseous exchange at the alveoli with oxygen

Answer 6

-muscles using more O2 during exercise
SO…
-deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs has a lower ppO2 (than at rest)
-there is a steeper diffusion gradient between alveoli and blood
-causes faster and more efficient gas exchange
-more O2 moves from alveoli and combines with haemoglobin in the blood

Question 7

Outline the effect of exercise on gaseous exchange at the alveoli with carbon dioxide

Answer 7

-muscles are producing more CO2 during exercise
SO…
-deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs has a higher ppCO2 (than at rest)
-there is a steeper diffusion gradient between the blood and alveoli
-causes a faster and more efficient gas exchange
-so more CO2 moves from the blood to the alveoli to be expired

Question 8

Describe and explain the effect of different exercise intensities on breathing frequency (F) and tidal volume (TV)

Answer 8

At sub maximal:
-breathing frequency increases then platos
Maximal:
- remains at a Plato
Explain:
-F increases because the oxygen demand from muscles increases
-respiratory system must get a greater volume of O2 into the lungs
-plateaus at sub max because demand is equal to O2 supply
-F plateaus at max because there is minimal time for inspiration to ensure enough O2 enters the lungs

Question 9

What is tidal volume?

Answer 9

The volume of air you inspire or expire per breath

Question 10

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 10

Volume of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 11

Outline the effect of sub maximal exercise on minute ventilation (VE)

Answer 11

1. ) increase due to adrenaline->anticipatory rise
2. ) rapid increase to cope with increased demand of O2
3. ) plateaus as reaches a steady state, the supply is equal to the demand
4. ) fast decrease as demand of O2 has decreased (recovery)
5. ) slower decrease to allow O2 consumption to stay about resting until lactic acid has been removed