Respiratory System Flashcards
Which cells are involved in the acute phase of asthma?
Mast cells
Allergic rhinitis, urticaria and eczema precede which kind of asthma?
Atopic
Which three medications can induce asthma?
NSAIDs
Beta blockers
Aspirin
What would the lung function test of an asthmatic show?
Variable airflow obstruction
A patient presents with:
- wheezing
- cough
- sputum production
- chest tightness
- shortness of breath
with symptoms worsening at night.
Which pathology could this be related to?
Asthma
Which lung function test is the gold standard for asthma diagnosis?
Spirometry
A blood test of an asthmatic could show:
Eosinophil count > ___%
____ IgE in serum
4
Increased
What is the mechanism of action of B-adrenergic receptor agonists?
Activate B2 receptor -> activate adenyl cyclase -> ultimately SM relaxation and inhibition of mediator release
What are two examples of SABAs?
Salbutamol and Albuterol
Epinephrine, Salmeterol and Formeterol belong to which class of asthma drugs?
LABAs
What is the mechanism of anticholinergic agents?
Non-selectively inhibit pathway where ACh stimulates submucosal glands
What is the mechanism of action of Xanthine drugs?
- Non selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor
- Anti-inflammatory effect
- Non-selective antagonism of adenosine
What is the mechanism of action of mast cell stabilisers?
Inhibit IgE mediated release from mast cells
What class of asthma drugs do Cromolyn sodium and Nodocromyl sodium belong to?
Mast cell stabilisers
Which drugs are used for short term relief of asthma symptoms?
SABAs and anti-cholinergics
What are the side effects of SABAs?
- Tremors
- Tolerance
- Increased HR
- Arteriole vasodilation
- Hypokalemia
Which anticholinergic agent has the least side effects and tachyphylaxis?
Ipatropium bromide
Which anti-cholinergic can cause dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision and urinary retention?
Tiotropium
____ and ____ are used for maintenance control of asthma
LABAs and inhaled corticosteroids
In which patients is use of Theophylline particularly dangerous?
Patients with heart disease (potential for serious cardiac side effects)
What is the most effective class of medication for asthma control?
Glucocorticoids
Why are glucocorticoids administered alongside LABAs?
- Cause up regulation of B-adrenergic receptors
- Prevents tolerance of B-agonists
Which asthma drug is most suited to treat aspirin induced asthma?
Leukotrine receptor antagonists
What is the best method of administering asthma drugs to children?
Spacer
A ____ allows multiple asthma medications to be administered at once
Nebuliser
How are asthma drugs administered in an emergency?
Endotracheal instillation
____ and ____ are two types of inhalers
Metered dose
Dry powder dervice
What is the defining clinical feature of chronic bronchitis?
Productive cough
What is the biggest risk factor for COPD?
Smoking
Clinical findings for COPD:
__ FVC
__ FEV1.0
__ FEV1.0/FVC
__ TLC
Dec FVC
Dec FEV1.0
Dec FEV1.0/FVC
Inc TLC
Chronic bronchitis involves the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of ____ and ____
Mucinous glands and goblet cells
Why must patients with chronic bronchitis cough to get rid of mucus plugs?
- Excess mucus
- Poorly functioning cilia