Cardiovascular

Question 1

Pericarditis causes referred pain to the ____

Answer 1

Shoulder

Question 2

Where is the needle placed to drain cardiac tamponade?

Answer 2

Under xiphoid sternum

Question 3

What are the components of Virchow’s triad?

Answer 3

• Endothelial cell injury
• Hypercoagulability
• Abnormal blood flow

Question 4

Diastolic murmurs are due to mitral/tricuspid ____ and aortic/pulmonary _____

Answer 4

Stenosis

Incompetence

Question 5

Systolic murmurs are due to mitral/tricuspid ____ and aortic/pulmonary _____

Answer 5

Incompetence

Stenosis

Question 6

Mitral valve prolapse increases risk of _____

Answer 6

Infective endocarditis

Question 7

What are the associated symptoms of LHS heart failure?

Answer 7

• Lung crackles
• Tachycardia
• Low oxygen saturation
• Dyspnoea
• GI symptoms
• Weight gain

Question 8

What are the associated symptoms of RHS heart failure?

Answer 8

• JV distension
• Liver engorgement
• Peripheral oedema
• Ascites
• Weight gain

Question 9

Which class of calcium channel blockers target resistance vessels?

Answer 9

Dihydropyridines (e.g. nifedipine)

Question 10

Which class of calcium channel blockers target cardiac tissue?

Answer 10

Phenylalkylamine (e.g. verapamil)

Question 11

Which medication can be used to treat all 3 kinds of angina?

Answer 11

Nitroglycerin

Question 12

ST segment depression is related to which kind of ischemia?

Answer 12

Subendocardial

Question 13

What is the basis of vasospastic angina?

Answer 13

Coronary artery vasospasms

Question 14

Which structure is usually most affected by endocarditis?

Answer 14

Valves

Question 15

Where do vegetations usually form?

Answer 15

Areas of low pressure (close to edge of valve opening)

Question 16

Which kind of endocarditis is not infection related?

Answer 16

Libman-Sacks Endocarditis

Question 17

What causes splinter haemorrhages and Janeway lesions in patients with endocarditis?

Answer 17

Septic emboli (vegetations that have detached from valves)

Question 18

Which type of cardiomyopathy is related to systolic heart failure?

Answer 18

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 19

What are treatment options for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 19

LVAD (LV assist) or transplant

Question 20

What is the most common cardio-related cause of death in young people?

Answer 20

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 21

Which cardiac drug is contraindicated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 21

Digoxin

Question 22

Which pathogen is involved in rheumatic heart disease?

Answer 22

Streptococcus pyrogenes

Question 23

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 23

When antibodies cross react with own cell surfaces

Question 24

What are the major findings of rheumatic fever?

Answer 24

Polarthritis
Carditis
Subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginatum
Chorea

Question 25

Which organ influences fluid buildup in heart failure?

Answer 25

Kidneys - reduced blood flow -> RAAS -> fluid retention

Question 26

Which type of heart failure has respiratory symptoms?

Answer 26

LHS

Question 27

What is the basis of heart failure medication?

Answer 27

Improve blood flow

Question 28

What are some symptoms of RHS heart failure?

Answer 28

• Jugular venous distension
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• Cirrhosis + liver failure
• Ascites
• Pitting edema