Respiratory System Flashcards
The erythrocyte (RBC) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the…
Concentration of oxygen and or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitude
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. True or false
True
The Alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation. True or false
True
Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America? Colorectal, lung or esophageal, skin
lung
The larynx contains…
The thyroid cartilage
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? partial pressure of oxygen, temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, or number of RBCs
NUMBER OF RBCs
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is….
Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in the lungs is used to expel a piece of food that obstructs of the opening into the trachea. True or false
True
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage. True or false?
True
Which center is located in the pons?
Pontine respirator group (PRG)
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening. True or false
True
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, Type I and type II Alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to…
Secrete surfactant
Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? 7 to 10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma, just over 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemiglobin, as biocarbonate ions in plasma, or attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
ATTACHED TO THE HEME PART OF HEMOGLOBIN
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it…
Helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in HB being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hg would be…..saturated.
95%
Which conditions are responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?
Surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect). True or false?
False, the Bohr effect is when CO2 enters the systemic bloodstream causing more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin; the dissociation of O2 allows more CO2 to combine with Hb (Haldane effect)
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?
Alveolus
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. True or false?
True
TV + IRV + ERV + RV =
ERV + RV =
TV + IRV + =
TV + IRV =
TV + IRV + ERV + RV = Total lung capacity
ERV + RV = Functional residual capacity
TV + IRV + ERV= Vital capacity
TV + IRV = Inspiratory capacity
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure: Alveolar duct, terminal bronchiole, alveolar sac, or respiratory bronchiole?
Terminal bronchiole
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic. True or false?
False, more acidic
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. True or false?
True
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air. True or false?
True
NO exchange of gases occurs here.
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
What cells secrete a fluid containing surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
Where does the respiratory zone of the lungs begin?
respiratory bronchioles
What part of the respiratory system is composed of simple squamous epithelium?
Type I alveolar cells
What part of the respiratory system terminates in the alveoli?
Alveolar duct
Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation: Temperature, BPG, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), or nitric oxide?
Nitric oxide
Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?
Restrictive disease
Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation. True or false?
False, they enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.
What is the Haldane effect?
Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide; this property is the Haldane effect. Conversely, oxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for carbon dioxide.
What is the Bohr effect?
a decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin and other respiratory compounds in response to a lowered blood pH resulting from an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Cutting the phrenic nerves will result in ….
paralysis of the diaphragm
Which of the following laryngeal cartilages is/are not paired? epiglottis, arytenoid, cricoid, cuneiform, corniculate
epiglottis & cricoid
Under ordinary circumstances, the inflation reflex is initiated by….
overinflation of the alveoli and bronchioles
The detergent-like substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths because it reduces the surface tension of the water film in the alveoli is called…
surfactant
Which of the following determines the direction of gas movement? solubility in water, partial pressure gradient, temperature, or molecular weight and size of gas molecule
partial pressure gradient
When the inspiratory muscles contract….
The size of the thoracic cavity increases in both length and diameter
The nutrient blood supply of the lungs is provided by…
the bronchial arteries
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ….
diffusion
Which of the following would not normally be treated by 100% oxygen therapy? anoxia, carbon monoxide poisoning, respiratory crisis in an emphysema patient, and/or eupnea
respiratory crisis in an emphysema patient and eupnea
Most oxygen carried in the blood is…
chemically combined with the heme in red blood cells
Which of the following has the greatest stimulation effect on the respiratory centers in the brain? oxygen, carbon dioxide, calcium, or willpower
carbon dioxide
In mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration, the rescuer blows air from his or her own respiratory system into that of the victim. The following statements are correct…
expansion of the victim’s lungs is brought about by blowing air in at higher than atmospheric pressure (positive-pressure breathing); during inflation of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure increases; expression during this procedure depends on the elasticity of the alveolar and thoracic walls
Under ordinary circumstances, which of the following blood components is of no physiological significance? bicarbonate ions, carbaminohemoglobin, nitrogen, or chloride
nitrogen
Damage to _____ would most likely result in cessation of breathing.
the ventral respiratory group of the medulla
The bulk of carbon dioxide is carried…
as the ion HCO3- in the plasma after first entering the red blood cell
The lower respiratory system consists of what two zone structures?
The conducting zone and the respiratory zone
What are the respiratory system organs in the conducting zone and what are their functions?
The nose to the terminal bronchioles; filter, warm, and moisten incoming air
What are the respiratory system organs in the respiratory zone and what are their functions?
The respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli; where gas exchanges occur
Where is the pharynx located?
From the base of the skull to the level of C6
What are the functions of the larynx?
Contains focal folds (voicing), provides a patent airway, and serves as a switching mechanism to route food and air into the proper channels
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To prevent food or liquids from entering the respiratory channels during swallowing
The mucosa of the trachea is ciliated. True or false?
True
As the respiratory conduits become smaller…
the amount of cartilage decreases to nothing, the mucosa thins, and smooth muscle in the walls increases
Each multi lobed lung occupies its own pleural cavity. True or false?
True
What paired organs flank the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity?
The lungs
The right lung has two lobes, and the left has three. True or false?
False, reverse it!
The___ are primarily air passageways/chambers, supported by an elastic connective tissue stroma.
Lungs
The _______ carry deoxygenated blood returned from the systemic circulation to the lungs, where gas exchange occurs.
pulmonary arteries
The ____ return newly oxygenated (and most bronchial venous) blood back to the heart to be distributed throughout the body
pulmonary veins
The ____ provide the nutrient blood supply of the lungs
bronchial arteries
The ____ lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum.
parietal pleura
the ____ covers external lung surfaces.
visceral pleura
____ reduces friction during breathing movements
pleural fluid
Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the ___
alveoli
Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the ____
pleural cavity
Normally, intrapleural pressure is ____ relative to intrapulmonary pressure
negative
Gases travel from an area of _____ pressure to an area of ____ lower pressure.
higher; lower
Inspiration occurs when….
the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles contract, increasing the dimensions (and volume) of the thorax.
When intrapulmonary pressure drops…
air rushes into the lungs until the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are equalized
Expiration, which is largely passive, occurs when…
the inspiratory muscles relax and the lung recoil
When intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure…
gases flow from the lungs
Where does the greatest resistance to air flow occur?
in the midsize bronchi
Surfactant helps reduce what complication?
surface tension of the alveolar fluid, which acts to reduce alveolar size and collapse the alveoli
What is infant respiratory distress syndrom (IRDS)?
Generally occurs in preterm infants who have problems keeping their lungs inflated due to lack of surfactant in the alveoli
Name the four respiratory volumes.
tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual
Name the four respiratory capacities
vital, functional residual, inspiratory, and total lung
Spirometry measures…
respiratory volume and capacities
What is anatomical dead space?
The air-filled volume (about 150 mL) of the conducting passageways
If alveoli become nonfunctional in gas exchange, their volume is added to the ___________
Anatomical dead space, and the sum is the total dead space
What are the FVC and FEV tests?
Forced Vital Capacity and Forced Expiratory Volume, which determine the rate at which VC air can be expelled
Which tests are used to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive disease?
FVC and FEV tests
Alveolar ventilation is the best index of ____
ventilation efficiency because it accounts for anatomical dead space; AVR
AVR =
(RV - dead space) x respiratory rate
State Dalton’s Law.
Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts pressure in proportion to its percentage in the total mixture.
State Henry’s Law.
The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
Alveolar gas contains more ____ and ____ and considerably less ____ than _____.
carbon dioxide; water vapor; oxygen; atmospheric air
What is external respiration?
the process of gas exchange that occurs in the lungs; oxygen enters the pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the alveoli
What factors influence the process of external respiration?
the partial pressure gradients, the thickness of the respiratory membrane, surface area available, and ventilation-perfusion coupling (matching alveolar ventilation with pulmonary perfusion)
What is internal respiration?
The gas exchange that occurs between the systemic capillaries and the tissues; carbon dioxide enters the blood, and oxygen leaves the blood and enters the tissues
The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin depends on …..
the Po2 and Pco2 of blood, blood pH, the presence of BPG, and temperature
A small amount of oxygen gas is transported dissolved in…
Plasma
Hypoxia occurs when…
inadequate amounts of oxygen are delivered to body tissues; the skin and mucosae may become cyanotic
How is CO2 transported?
In the blood dissolved in plasma, chemically bound to hemoglobin, and primary as bicarbonate ions in plasma
Loading and unloading of O2 and CO2 are mutually beneficial. True or False?
True
Accumulating CO2 raises pH. True or false?
False, lowers pH
Depletion of CO2 from blood raises blood pH? True or false?
True
Medullary respiratory centers are the ____ and ____ respiratory groups.
ventral; dorsal
Which respiratory group is likely responsible for the rhythmicity of breathing?
The ventral respiratory group
Which respiratory centers influence the activity of the medullary respiratory centers?
The pontine respiratory centers
What are important chemical factors modifying baseline respiratory rate and depth?
Arterial levels of CO2, H+, and O2
Hypercapnia (increasing arterial Pco2 level) acts via the …
formation of H+ in brain tissue on central chemoreceptors to cause a reflexive increase in the rate and depth of breathing
What is hypocapnia?
It depresses respiration and results in decreased ventilation and, possibly, apnea
What factor strongly stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors?
Arterial Po2 levels below 60 mm Hg
What factors act on peripheral chemoreceptors and enhance the response to CO2?
Decreased pH and a decline in blood Po2
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
The inflation reflex, which is a protective reflex initiated by extreme overinflation of the lungs; acts to terminate inspiration
What respiratory adjustments occur during exercise?
initial abrupt increase in ventilation followed by a more gradual increase; and vice versa when exercise stops
What respiratory adjustments occur at high altitudes?
arterial Po2 and hemoglobin saturation levels fall because of the decrease in atmospheric pressure; increased ventilation helps restore Po2 to physiological levels
Describe COPD.
Is characterized by an irreversible decrease in the ability to force air out of the lungs
What two disorders are included in COPD?
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Describe complications with emphysema.
alveoli enlarge permanently and disintegrate. The lungs lose their elasticity, and expiration becomes an active process.
Describe complications with chronic bronchitis.
Is characterized by excessive mucus production in the lower respiratory passageways, which severely impairs ventilation and gas exchange.
Describe asthma and its complications.
A reversible obstructive condition caused by an immune response that causes its victims to wheeze and gasp for air as their inflamed respiratory passages constrict.
Described tuberculosis.
An infectious disease caused by an airborne bacterium, mainly affects the lungs; most infected individual remain asymptomatic by walling off the bacteria in nodules until immunity is depressed
The mucosa of the nasal cavity develops from …
the invagination of the ectodermal olfactory placodes
The mucosa of the pharynx and lower respiratory passageways develops from …
An out pocketing of the endodermal foregut lining
The walls of the respiratory conduits and the lung storm develop from…
mesoderm
What is cystic fibrosis?
The most common fatal hereditary disease in North America, results from an abnormal CFTR protein that fails to form a chloride channel. The result is a thick mucus, which clogs respiratory passages and invites infection
What happens to the respiratory with age?
The thorax becomes more rigid, the lungs become less elastic, and vital capacity declines
What is the significance of the alveolar pores?
They connect adjacent alveoli to allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized and provide alternate air routes to any alveoli whose bronchi have collapsed due to disease
