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NAT 502 > Lymphatic System And Body Defenses > Flashcards

Lymphatic System And Body Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph? Water, plasma proteins, red blood cells, ions

A

red blood cells

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2
Q

In the spleen, red pulp is involved in the immune functions and white pulp is involved in disposing of worn out RBCs. True or false?

A

False

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3
Q

From the right leg, lymph move in which order?

A

Right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein

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4
Q

Which of the following statements is false regarding the spleen? The splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen at the hilum clusters of white pulp look like islands in a sea of red pulp, red pulp is where immune functions take place, or the spleen is the largest lymphoid organ

A

RED PULP IS WHERE IMMUNE FUNCTIONS TAKE PLACE

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5
Q

About 3 L of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph. True or false?

A

True

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6
Q

Peyer’s patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine. True or false

A

False

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7
Q

Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphoid organ? pancreas, spleen, tonsils, or Peyer’s patches of the intestine

A

PANCREAS

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8
Q

Helper T cells…

A

Function in the adaptive immune system activation

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9
Q

Which of the following is not a type of T cell? Cytotoxic, Helper, antigenic, Regulatory,

A

antigenic

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10
Q

Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic response that may occur if the allergen enters the bloodstream. True or false

A

True

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11
Q

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. True or false

A

True

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12
Q

After becoming immunocompetent, the naïve T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur True or false

A

False

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13
Q

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies

A

True

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14
Q

Fever is often a beneficial immune response because it can speed the activities of leucocytes. True or false

A

True

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15
Q

Functions of the spleen include all of those below except removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood, forming crypts that trap bacteria, storage of blood platelets, or storage of iron

A

STORAGE OF IRON

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16
Q

What are the principal lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes

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17
Q

What lymphoid organ filter lymph and helps activate the immune system?

A

lymph nodes

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18
Q

What are the 3 components of lymph nodes?

A

Fibrous capsule, a cortex, and a medulla

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19
Q

What is contained within the cortex and what is its main function?

A

Lymphocytes, which act in immune responses

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20
Q

What is contained within the medulla and what are its main functions?

A

Macrophages, which engulf and destroy viruses, bacteria, and other foreign debris, as well as lymphocytes

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21
Q

Lymph enters the lymph nodes via ____ vessels and exits via _____ vessels.

A

afferent lymphatic; efferent

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22
Q

There are few afferent vessels. True or false?

A

False; fewer efferent vessels

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23
Q

Why does lymph flow stagnate within the lymph node?

A

To allow time for its cleansing

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24
Q

Which lymphoid organ removes blood borne pathogens and aged red blood cells?

A

the spleen

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25
Where does lymphocyte proliferation occur?
The spleen
26
What are three other functions of the spleen?
Recycles the breakdown products of hemoglobin, stores platelets and monocytes, and may be a hematopoietic site in the fetus
27
What is MALT and its main function?
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; guards the body's entryways against pathogens
28
List some tissue components of MALT.
Peyer's patches of the intestinal wall, lymphoid follicles of the appendix, tonsils of the pharynx and oral cavity, and follicles in the genitourinary and respiratory tract mucosa
29
Where do T lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent?
The thymus
30
During fetal development, lymphatics develop as outpocketings of developing veins. True or false?
True
31
Other than the thymus, where do the other lymphoid organs derive from?
Mesenchymal cells of mesoderm. Thymus develops from endoderm
32
What is the first lymphoid organ to develop?
Thymus
33
Entry of lymph into the lymphatic capillaries is promoted by what?
One-way mini valves formed by overlapping endothelial cells and greater fluid pressure in the interstitial space
34
The structural framework of lymphoid organs is...
reticular tissue
35
The germinal centers in lymph nodes are largely sites of____
proliferating B lymphocytes
36
The red pulp areas of the spleen are sites of ____
Splenic sinusoids, macrophages, and red blood cells
37
The sac that often forms the initial portion of the thoracic duct is the ____
cisterna chyli
38
The white pulp areas of the spleen are where ___
immune functions take place; composed mostly of lymphocytes
39
What type of barriers act as the first line of defense token invaders out of the body? Give 2 examples.
Surface barriers, skin and mucous membranes
40
Surface membranes provide mechanical barriers to pathogens. Give some examples.
The skin's acidity, lysozyme, mucus, keratin, and ciliated cells
41
Cells and chemicals that act as the second line of defense are an example of what?
The innate internal defense
42
What are the functions of phagocytes?
To engulf and destroy pathogens that breach epithelial barriers.
43
Name 2 phagocytes.
Macrophages and neutrophils
44
What are the functions of natural killer (NK) cells?
large granular lymphocytes that act nonspecifically to kill virus-infected and cancerous cells
45
What is the inflammation response?
a response that prevents the spread of harmful agents, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells, and promotes healing
46
What is the inflammatory process?
Exudate forms, protective leukocytes enter the area, fibrin walls off the area, and tissue repair occurs
47
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
swelling, redness, heat, and pain - all result from inflammatory chemicals that induce vasodilation and make blood vessels more permeable
48
What are interferons?
a group of related proteins (antimicrobial proteins) synthesized by virus-infected cells and certain immune cells that prevent viruses from multiplying in other body cells
49
What happens when complement is activated?
A group of plasma proteins (complement) on the membrane of a foreign cell promotes phagocytosis of that cell, enhances inflammation, and sometimes causes lysis of the target cell
50
What is the adaptive immune system?
It recognizes something as foreign and acts to immobilize, neutralize, or remove it
51
The adaptive immune system is considered the third line of defense. True or false?
True
52
What are three characteristics of the adaptive immune system?
It's antigen-specific, systemic, and has memory
53
___ are substances that trigger the body's adaptive defenses.
Antigens
54
Complete antigens have both immunogenicity and reactivity. True or False?
True
55
Incomplete antigens, or haptens, must....
combine with a body protein before coming immunogenic
56
What are antigenic determinants?
the portions of antigen molecules that are recognized as foreign
57
What are MHC proteins?
Major histocompatibility complex proteins are membrane-bound glycoproteins that mark our cells as "self"
58
What are the cells of the adaptive immune response?
B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
59
All of the following are considered innate body defenses except complement, phagocytosis, antibodies, lysozyme, or inflammation
antibodies
60
The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called...
diapedesis
61
Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in ...
humoral immunity, immediate hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune disorders
62
Which of the antibodies can fix complement?
IgG & IgM
63
Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called...
haptens
64
Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions?
IgA
65
Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are ...
B lymphocytes
66
Cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, natural killer cells
helper T cells
67
Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell? antigen, helper T cell, cytokine, or cytotoxic T cell
cytotoxic T cell
68
The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a...
helper T cell
69
Complement fixation promotes all of the following except cell lysis, inflammation, opsonization, interferon release, or chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells
interferon release
70
Which cells release perforins?
NK cells, cytotoxic T cells
71
Name 4 lymphocytes
NK cell, cytotoxic T cells, B cell, helper T cells
72
Name 2 effector cells of adaptive immunity
cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells
73
Name 3 antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages
74
____ are educated to develop immunocompetence and self-tolerance.
Lymphocytes
75
___ are educated in the thymus and provide cellular immunity.
T cells
76
____ are educated in the bone marrow and provide humoral immunity.
B cells
77
Immunocompetence is signaled by what?
the appearance of antigen-specific receptors on the surface of the lymphocyte
78
Immunocompetent lymphocytes circulate in what 3 places?
blood, lymph, and lymphoid organs
79
What happens when naive lymphocytes encounter their antigen?
Clone selection, proliferation, and differentiation occur
80
What do "clone members" become?
mostly effector cells, but also memory cells
81
What are APCs function?
They internalize antigens and present antigenic determinants on their surfaces for recognition by T cells
82
In _____ immunity, antibodies are produced that target extracellular antigens.
humoral
83
When _____ are activated, most of the clone members become effector cells (plasma cells), which secrete antibodies
B cells
84
Give an example of a primary adaptive immune response.
Activation and differentiation of B cells
85
When memory cells mount a rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent encounters, this is known as a ...
Secondary immune response
86
Which cells provide humoral immunological memory?
Memory B cells
87
When is active humoral immunity acquired?
During an infection or via vaccination, providing immunological memory
88
When is passive immunity is acquired?
When a donor's antibodies are injected into the bloodstream, or when the mother's antibodies cross the placenta.
89
What do the constant regions of an antibody polypeptide chain determine?
antibody function and class
90
What do the variable regions of an antibody polypeptide chain determine?
they enable the antibody to recognize is specific antigen
91
Name 4 antibody functions.
complement fixation, antigen neutralization, precipitation, and agglutination
92
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Pure preparations of a single antibody type useful in diagnostic tests and treating some types of cancer
93
_____ immunity consists of T lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular targets
Cellular
94
MHC proteins present antigens to....
T cells
95
What is the difference between class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins?
Class I proteins are found on all nucleated cells, while class II proteins are found only on APCs
96
What activates immunocompetent CD4 and CD8 T cells?
By binding to an antigen-MHC complex on the surface of an APC
97
A co-stiumulatory signal is essential for what process?
Activation of immunocompetent CD4 and CD8 T cells
98
The immune response is enhanced by cytokines such as....
interleukin 1 released by macrophages, and interleukin 2, gamma interferon, and others released by activated T cells
99
What are the roles of Helper T cells?
They are required for full activation of most B and T cells, activate macrophages, and release essential cytokines
100
What are the roles of cytotoxic T cells?
They directly attack and kill infected cells and cancer cells; together with NK cells, they conduct immune surveillance
101
What are the roles of regulatory T cells?
To help maintain tolerance
102
Development of the immune response occurs around what time?
Birth
103
The nervous system plays an important role in regulating immune response. True or false?
True

NAT 502 (6 decks)

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