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NAT 502 > Lymphatic System And Body Defenses > Flashcards

Lymphatic System And Body Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph? Water, plasma proteins, red blood cells, ions

A

red blood cells

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2
Q

In the spleen, red pulp is involved in the immune functions and white pulp is involved in disposing of worn out RBCs. True or false?

A

False

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3
Q

From the right leg, lymph move in which order?

A

Right lumbar trunk, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein

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4
Q

Which of the following statements is false regarding the spleen? The splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen at the hilum clusters of white pulp look like islands in a sea of red pulp, red pulp is where immune functions take place, or the spleen is the largest lymphoid organ

A

RED PULP IS WHERE IMMUNE FUNCTIONS TAKE PLACE

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5
Q

About 3 L of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph. True or false?

A

True

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6
Q

Peyer’s patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine. True or false

A

False

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7
Q

Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphoid organ? pancreas, spleen, tonsils, or Peyer’s patches of the intestine

A

PANCREAS

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8
Q

Helper T cells…

A

Function in the adaptive immune system activation

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9
Q

Which of the following is not a type of T cell? Cytotoxic, Helper, antigenic, Regulatory,

A

antigenic

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10
Q

Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic response that may occur if the allergen enters the bloodstream. True or false

A

True

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11
Q

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. True or false

A

True

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12
Q

After becoming immunocompetent, the naïve T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur True or false

A

False

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13
Q

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies

A

True

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14
Q

Fever is often a beneficial immune response because it can speed the activities of leucocytes. True or false

A

True

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15
Q

Functions of the spleen include all of those below except removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood, forming crypts that trap bacteria, storage of blood platelets, or storage of iron

A

STORAGE OF IRON

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16
Q

What are the principal lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes

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17
Q

What lymphoid organ filter lymph and helps activate the immune system?

A

lymph nodes

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18
Q

What are the 3 components of lymph nodes?

A

Fibrous capsule, a cortex, and a medulla

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19
Q

What is contained within the cortex and what is its main function?

A

Lymphocytes, which act in immune responses

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20
Q

What is contained within the medulla and what are its main functions?

A

Macrophages, which engulf and destroy viruses, bacteria, and other foreign debris, as well as lymphocytes

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21
Q

Lymph enters the lymph nodes via ____ vessels and exits via _____ vessels.

A

afferent lymphatic; efferent

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22
Q

There are few afferent vessels. True or false?

A

False; fewer efferent vessels

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23
Q

Why does lymph flow stagnate within the lymph node?

A

To allow time for its cleansing

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24
Q

Which lymphoid organ removes blood borne pathogens and aged red blood cells?

A

the spleen

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25
Q

Where does lymphocyte proliferation occur?

A

The spleen

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26
Q

What are three other functions of the spleen?

A

Recycles the breakdown products of hemoglobin, stores platelets and monocytes, and may be a hematopoietic site in the fetus

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27
Q

What is MALT and its main function?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; guards the body’s entryways against pathogens

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28
Q

List some tissue components of MALT.

A

Peyer’s patches of the intestinal wall, lymphoid follicles of the appendix, tonsils of the pharynx and oral cavity, and follicles in the genitourinary and respiratory tract mucosa

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29
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent?

A

The thymus

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30
Q

During fetal development, lymphatics develop as outpocketings of developing veins. True or false?

A

True

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31
Q

Other than the thymus, where do the other lymphoid organs derive from?

A

Mesenchymal cells of mesoderm. Thymus develops from endoderm

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32
Q

What is the first lymphoid organ to develop?

A

Thymus

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33
Q

Entry of lymph into the lymphatic capillaries is promoted by what?

A

One-way mini valves formed by overlapping endothelial cells and greater fluid pressure in the interstitial space

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34
Q

The structural framework of lymphoid organs is…

A

reticular tissue

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35
Q

The germinal centers in lymph nodes are largely sites of____

A

proliferating B lymphocytes

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36
Q

The red pulp areas of the spleen are sites of ____

A

Splenic sinusoids, macrophages, and red blood cells

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37
Q

The sac that often forms the initial portion of the thoracic duct is the ____

A

cisterna chyli

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38
Q

The white pulp areas of the spleen are where ___

A

immune functions take place; composed mostly of lymphocytes

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39
Q

What type of barriers act as the first line of defense token invaders out of the body? Give 2 examples.

A

Surface barriers, skin and mucous membranes

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40
Q

Surface membranes provide mechanical barriers to pathogens. Give some examples.

A

The skin’s acidity, lysozyme, mucus, keratin, and ciliated cells

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41
Q

Cells and chemicals that act as the second line of defense are an example of what?

A

The innate internal defense

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42
Q

What are the functions of phagocytes?

A

To engulf and destroy pathogens that breach epithelial barriers.

43
Q

Name 2 phagocytes.

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

44
Q

What are the functions of natural killer (NK) cells?

A

large granular lymphocytes that act nonspecifically to kill virus-infected and cancerous cells

45
Q

What is the inflammation response?

A

a response that prevents the spread of harmful agents, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells, and promotes healing

46
Q

What is the inflammatory process?

A

Exudate forms, protective leukocytes enter the area, fibrin walls off the area, and tissue repair occurs

47
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

swelling, redness, heat, and pain - all result from inflammatory chemicals that induce vasodilation and make blood vessels more permeable

48
Q

What are interferons?

A

a group of related proteins (antimicrobial proteins) synthesized by virus-infected cells and certain immune cells that prevent viruses from multiplying in other body cells

49
Q

What happens when complement is activated?

A

A group of plasma proteins (complement) on the membrane of a foreign cell promotes phagocytosis of that cell, enhances inflammation, and sometimes causes lysis of the target cell

50
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

It recognizes something as foreign and acts to immobilize, neutralize, or remove it

51
Q

The adaptive immune system is considered the third line of defense. True or false?

A

True

52
Q

What are three characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

It’s antigen-specific, systemic, and has memory

53
Q

___ are substances that trigger the body’s adaptive defenses.

A

Antigens

54
Q

Complete antigens have both immunogenicity and reactivity. True or False?

A

True

55
Q

Incomplete antigens, or haptens, must….

A

combine with a body protein before coming immunogenic

56
Q

What are antigenic determinants?

A

the portions of antigen molecules that are recognized as foreign

57
Q

What are MHC proteins?

A

Major histocompatibility complex proteins are membrane-bound glycoproteins that mark our cells as “self”

58
Q

What are the cells of the adaptive immune response?

A

B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

59
Q

All of the following are considered innate body defenses except complement, phagocytosis, antibodies, lysozyme, or inflammation

A

antibodies

60
Q

The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls in response to inflammatory signals is called…

A

diapedesis

61
Q

Antibodies released by plasma cells are involved in …

A

humoral immunity, immediate hypersensitivity reactions, and autoimmune disorders

62
Q

Which of the antibodies can fix complement?

A

IgG & IgM

63
Q

Small molecules that must combine with large proteins to become immunogenic are called…

A

haptens

64
Q

Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions?

A

IgA

65
Q

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow are …

A

B lymphocytes

66
Q

Cells that can directly attack target cells include all of the following except macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, natural killer cells

A

helper T cells

67
Q

Which of the following is not involved in the activation of a B cell? antigen, helper T cell, cytokine, or cytotoxic T cell

A

cytotoxic T cell

68
Q

The cell type most often invaded by HIV is a…

A

helper T cell

69
Q

Complement fixation promotes all of the following except cell lysis, inflammation, opsonization, interferon release, or chemotaxis of neutrophils and other cells

A

interferon release

70
Q

Which cells release perforins?

A

NK cells, cytotoxic T cells

71
Q

Name 4 lymphocytes

A

NK cell, cytotoxic T cells, B cell, helper T cells

72
Q

Name 2 effector cells of adaptive immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells

73
Q

Name 3 antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages

74
Q

____ are educated to develop immunocompetence and self-tolerance.

A

Lymphocytes

75
Q

___ are educated in the thymus and provide cellular immunity.

A

T cells

76
Q

____ are educated in the bone marrow and provide humoral immunity.

A

B cells

77
Q

Immunocompetence is signaled by what?

A

the appearance of antigen-specific receptors on the surface of the lymphocyte

78
Q

Immunocompetent lymphocytes circulate in what 3 places?

A

blood, lymph, and lymphoid organs

79
Q

What happens when naive lymphocytes encounter their antigen?

A

Clone selection, proliferation, and differentiation occur

80
Q

What do “clone members” become?

A

mostly effector cells, but also memory cells

81
Q

What are APCs function?

A

They internalize antigens and present antigenic determinants on their surfaces for recognition by T cells

82
Q

In _____ immunity, antibodies are produced that target extracellular antigens.

A

humoral

83
Q

When _____ are activated, most of the clone members become effector cells (plasma cells), which secrete antibodies

A

B cells

84
Q

Give an example of a primary adaptive immune response.

A

Activation and differentiation of B cells

85
Q

When memory cells mount a rapid attack against the same antigen in subsequent encounters, this is known as a …

A

Secondary immune response

86
Q

Which cells provide humoral immunological memory?

A

Memory B cells

87
Q

When is active humoral immunity acquired?

A

During an infection or via vaccination, providing immunological memory

88
Q

When is passive immunity is acquired?

A

When a donor’s antibodies are injected into the bloodstream, or when the mother’s antibodies cross the placenta.

89
Q

What do the constant regions of an antibody polypeptide chain determine?

A

antibody function and class

90
Q

What do the variable regions of an antibody polypeptide chain determine?

A

they enable the antibody to recognize is specific antigen

91
Q

Name 4 antibody functions.

A

complement fixation, antigen neutralization, precipitation, and agglutination

92
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Pure preparations of a single antibody type useful in diagnostic tests and treating some types of cancer

93
Q

_____ immunity consists of T lymphocytes that direct adaptive immunity or attack cellular targets

A

Cellular

94
Q

MHC proteins present antigens to….

A

T cells

95
Q

What is the difference between class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins?

A

Class I proteins are found on all nucleated cells, while class II proteins are found only on APCs

96
Q

What activates immunocompetent CD4 and CD8 T cells?

A

By binding to an antigen-MHC complex on the surface of an APC

97
Q

A co-stiumulatory signal is essential for what process?

A

Activation of immunocompetent CD4 and CD8 T cells

98
Q

The immune response is enhanced by cytokines such as….

A

interleukin 1 released by macrophages, and interleukin 2, gamma interferon, and others released by activated T cells

99
Q

What are the roles of Helper T cells?

A

They are required for full activation of most B and T cells, activate macrophages, and release essential cytokines

100
Q

What are the roles of cytotoxic T cells?

A

They directly attack and kill infected cells and cancer cells; together with NK cells, they conduct immune surveillance

101
Q

What are the roles of regulatory T cells?

A

To help maintain tolerance

102
Q

Development of the immune response occurs around what time?

A

Birth

103
Q

The nervous system plays an important role in regulating immune response. True or false?

A

True

NAT 502 (6 decks)

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