respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

Upon inhalation, to draw air into lungs, supplying oxygen. 2. To transfer oxygen from air into bloodstream. 3. Acid/Base regulation: breathing is necessary to control CO2 in cells. When a horse is exercised hard, muscle cells produce CO2, water and heat, all of which must be removed from body. CO2 is transported to lungs via the bloodstream for exhalation. 4. Humidification of inspired air. 5. Thermoregulation. Inspired air is also warmed as it passes through the upper respiratory tract. The warmed air is expired resulting in heat loss. 6. Defense against environmental contaminants. Ciliated mucosa “sweep” away particles. 7. To provide sensory input via the olfactory cells (sense of smell). 8. Communication, by providing sound. 9. To assist in defecation, core stabilization, and parturition by increasing abdominal pressure.

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2
Q

pharynx

A

allows communication between the posterior nares and the larynx. In the adult horse, it is approximately 15 cm in length.

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3
Q

diaphragm

A

Diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity. When the diaphragm contracts, negative (subatmospheric) pressure is created inside thorax, enabling air to come in.

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4
Q

upper airway

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, During breathing, air flows through tubes of the upper airway and tracheobronchial tree, reaching the alveoli for gas exchange.
Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx warm and humidify the air. They provide 60% of the resistance to air flow.

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5
Q

lower airway

A

tracheobronchial tree (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) and alveoli.

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6
Q

what type of breathers are horses?

A

Horses are obligate nasal breathers, which means that during exercise, when many animals and humans use the mouth to breathe, horses cannot do that, and have to breathe through the nose.

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7
Q

how can nasal resistance be decreased?

A

Nasal resistance can be decreased during exercised by flaring of nares and vasoconstriction of vascular tissue in nose. Other species breathe through mouth to bypass high-resistance of nasal cavity.

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8
Q

airway resistance

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx contribute 50-70% of airway resistance, while trachea, bronchi and bronchioles contribute 30-50%.
Nasal cavity is the limiting factor of tidal volume (volume of air in each breath) in performance horses use of nasal strips. Problem with laryngeal hemiplegia, tumors, etc.

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9
Q

trachiobronchial tree

A

lined by secretory ciliated epitheliuma branching system that delivers air to alveoli. Horses have approximately 40 branches (humans have 24)

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10
Q

trachea and bronchi

A

are supported by cartilage (to prevent collapsing) and have specialized cells that secrete mucus.

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11
Q

the bronchi branch

A

giving rise to 2 daughter branches. Because of branching, the cross sectional area increases dramatically toward the periphery of the lung, and the velocity of airflow diminishes progressively from the trachea toward the alveoli.

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12
Q

cause of lung sounds

A
a result of high velocity and turbulent air flow in the trachea and bronchi.
Laminar airflow (in bronchioles) produces no sound, that’s why it is more difficult to hear lung sounds with stethoscope in the periphery of normal lung.
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13
Q

distribution of ventilation

A

There is smooth muscle in the walls of airways, from trachea to alveolar ducts. The smooth muscle actively regulates airway diameter in response to stimuli.
Distribution of ventilation is uneven in different lung regions. This becomes even more accentuated in respiratory diseases.
The distribution of ventilation is very uneven in the recumbent animal (lying down), which can damage lung tissue because of the decrease in blood flow and ventilation in compressed parts of the lung. This creates risk for anesthetized horses.

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