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equine anatomy > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

function of the circulatory system

A

The circulatory system consists of a network of vessels carrying the blood pumped by the heart to every part of the body.

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2
Q

how does blood enter and leave the heart

A

Blood leaves the heart and travels the body through arteries, and blood returns to the heart through veins.
Heart arteries arterioles capillaries  venules veins Heart lungs heart 
arteries……

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3
Q

characteristics of the heart

A

The pump • Weighs 9-12 lbs • Consists of 4 chambers:
– 2 atria (receiving), 2 ventricles (ejecting)
– 100% of blood volume passes through the heart each minute

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4
Q

equine heart rate

A

The resting heart beats about 35 times per minute, a galloping horse can get up to 240 beats per minute.
• Each beat moves about a liter of blood

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5
Q

how much blood do horses have in their body?

A

Horses on average have 11 gallons or 45 liters of blood in their body

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6
Q

pericardium

A

sac encasing the heart, contains a small amount of fluid for lubrication

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7
Q

myocardium

A

specialized cardiac muscle (involuntary striated muscle) that does not fatigue.

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8
Q

diastole

A

the action of relaxing to receive blood

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9
Q

systole

A

the action of contracting to pump blood

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10
Q

what is the heart sound?

A

The heart sound is the sound made by the valves as they close.
The first sound is the sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves as they close, and the second sound is the sound of the semi-lunar valves closing (valves on the aorta and pulmonary artery).
The period of silence is when the heart is being filled again with blood.

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11
Q

arteries

A

blood is carried away from the heart in arteries. The oxygen in arterial blood (oxygenated) gives a bright red color. When arteries are cut, the blood is pumped out with each heart beat. The walls are made up of elastic collagen and smooth muscle. A small artery is an arteriole.

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12
Q

veins

A

carry blood from tissues back to the heart. Venous blood (deoxygenated) is dark red. Veins have no pulse and no muscle around walls, so it relies on valves to impede backflow of blood. A small vein is a venule.

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13
Q

capillaries

A

form a network of thread-like vessels that reach into every part of the body. Capillaries carry arterial blood into tissues, receive CO2 from tissues, and carry away venous blood. They have very thin walls (one single cell makes up the wall), this allows the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients (from food) into tissues. From capillaries cells escape to sites of injury to fight infection. The very narrow lumen slows the blood flow to allow for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

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14
Q

what does blood transport

A

Oxygen from lungs to cells •CO2 from cells to lungs •Nutrients and water from gut to cells •Hormones from endocrine glands to cells •Antibodies or white blood cells to site of injury or infection •Heat from center of the body or working muscles , distributed as required or dissipated •Waste products from cells to liver and kidneys for detoxification and excretion

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15
Q

3 parts of blood

A

Plasma- fluid (92% water), plus glucose, proteins, lipids, nutrients.
– Platelets- Small sticky bodies to stop bleeding
– Cells-
• Red blood cells carry
oxygen
• White blood cells defend against disease

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16
Q

red blood cells

A

The function of RBC’s is to carry oxygen from lungs to
tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs. •They live 3-4 months, and have no nucleus.
•Old RBC’s are broken down by liver and spleen. •New cells are produced by bone marrow. •RBC’s carry O2 and CO2 attached to its hemoglobin.

17
Q

platelets

A

Very small, live 9-11 days, help in blood-clotting process.

18
Q

white blood cells

A

The main function of white blood cells is to defend the body against disease. They have nucleus and are capable of independent movement: they cross the blood vessel walls and accumulate at sites of injury or infection.

19
Q

eosinophil

A

type of WBC, Break down foreign proteins. Increase in response to
allergens, particularly parasitic larvae.

20
Q

neutrophils

A

type of WBC, 60% of leukocytes. Defense against acute bacterial infection. They phagocyte invading pathogens. Once it is full, it dies and produces pus.

21
Q

Basophils

A

type of WBC, Control inflammation by releasing histamine (can be a problem in cases of hypersensitivity – allergy). Basophils have heparin (anti-coagulant), which is released in areas of inflammation.

22
Q

monocytes

A

type of WBC, In blood they are called monocytes, but when they leave the blood and go into tissue they become large cells called macrophages. Macrophages engulf foreign matter. They are the vacuum cleaner of infection or injury sites.

23
Q

lymphocytes

A

Type of WBC, 35% of leukocytes. They produce antibodies specific to invading viral pathogens to protect the body against these invaders

24
Q

anemia

A

decreased red blood cell count and concentration of hemoglobin

25
Q

bacterial infection

A

increase in white blood cell count

26
Q

dehydration

A

increase PCV (packed cell volume), which is the ratio between plasma and cells.

27
Q

fitness level

A

a fit horse has a higher number of red blood cells and higher hemoglobin concentration

28
Q

viral infection

A

reduction in total number of white blood cells. Neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio inverts from 60:40 (N:L) to 40:60.

29
Q

the spleen

A

Horses use their spleen to increase the number of red blood cells in the blood
• Horse spleen is 3-4 feet long, 8 inches wide and 4 inches thick
• The blood in a resting horse is made up of 35% RBC, the blood in the spleen is made up of 80% RBC

30
Q

lymph system

A

Clear, fluid that squeezes out of blood vessels to send WBC and nutrients to injured areas
• Edema or Swelling, helps promote healing and immobilizes the area, however, too much swelling can restrict blood flow, and cause increased pain

31
Q

systemic circulation

A

The aorta branches out to supply blood to every organ and tissue of the body. The names of the arteries that branch out from the aorta correspond to which organ or tissue they supply.

32
Q

coronary artery

A

supplies blood to heart

33
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

supplies blood to forelimbs, brain, head and neck.

34
Q

celiac artery

A

(further divides into gastric, splenic and hepatic): blood to stomach, liver and spleen.

35
Q

mesenteric artery

A

supplies blood to intestines.

36
Q

renal artery

A

supplies blood to the kidney

37
Q

iliac artery

A

supplies blood to the hindquarters

equine anatomy (7 decks)

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