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MCAT Biology by me > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Medulla oblongata is connected to the lungs by what nerve

A

Phrenic nerve

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2
Q

Epiglottis

A

Covers the windpipe, making sure the food doesn’t go down the respiratory passage

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3
Q

How thick is the wall of alveolus

A

One cell thick

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4
Q

How many oxygen atoms per hemoglobin

A

4

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5
Q

Does myoglobin experience cooperativity? How many subunit does it have? Function of myoglobin?

A

No, only 1 subunit. For holding onto oxygen

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6
Q

Type of muscle for the diaphragm

A

Skeletal

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7
Q

Respiration. Role in Thermoregulation

A

Cooling effect achieved by evaporating water. To do that, inhale to bring in water

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8
Q

Ling default mode

Rib cage default mode

Pressure in the lung at default

A

Collapse due to its elasticity. Water lining the alveoli. Pressure from the cohesive force of water on the inner surface of the alveoli is too great that it collapses.

Extends outward

Negative

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9
Q

How to counteract the lung from collapsing

A

There are cells that produce surfactants. Opposed by surfactant which breaks up the intermolecular bonds. Surfactant is an amphipathic phosphate molecule.

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10
Q

Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs

A

110 mmHg

40 mmHg

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11
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in deoxygenated blood

A

40 mmHg

46 mmHg

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12
Q

Rate of gas diffusion across the membrane

A

Fick’s Law

Partial pressure, thickness, and SA

Inverse for thickness

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13
Q

Gas solubility in liquid

A

Henry’s Law

Partial gas pressure in equilibrium with the liquid

Solubility

C = P*Solubility

C is the concentration of dissolved gas

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14
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Positive cooperativity in releasing and binding oxygen molecules

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15
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve

A

Percent oxygen bound to hemoglobin

Shows affinity and cooperative effect through the sigmoid curve

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16
Q

Effect of CO2, H+, and temperature on oxygen dissociation curve

Relationship between CO2 and H+

How does CO2 inhibit oxygen association with Hb?

A

Shift to the right.

CO2 and H+ increase together and shift the curve to the right (Bohr shift).

Inhibit through allosteric effect, changing the shape of Hb.

17
Q

2,3-DPG

A

Rightward shift

Going up high in the altitude

Decrease affinity so the tissues can uptake more oxygen.

18
Q

Exposure to CO

A

Competitive inhibitor

Affinity to CO is 100X greater

Max saturation point goes down bc CO getting attached to Hb’s

Leftward shift is due to Remaining sites’ high affinity for oxygen. The sites hold the oxygen molecules and don’t let it go.

O2 doesn’t unload as it should

19
Q

CO2 transportation in blood

A

Bio carbonate

Dissolved in solution

Carbamino compounds (combined with Hb and other proteins).

20
Q

Key player in CO2 transportation

A

Carbonic anhydride

Forward and reverse reactions

Le Chaterlier

In RBC only not in the plasma.

21
Q

Chloride shift

A

Biocarbonate leaves the RBC. To prevent the build of negative ions in the plasma, Cl- enters the RBC

It neutralizes RBC and offsets the H+

22
Q

Haldane effect

A

CO2 and O2 both bind to hemoglobin but CO2 binding reduces O2 binding and vice versa

23
Q

Respiratory center in the medulla

A

CO2 perception

Regulate breathing to adjust the pH. It is perceptive to changes in CO2 concentration. So for inspiration it causes the diaphragm to contract and causes the rib cage muscles to contract for exhalation.

The central chemoreceptors are in the medulla. The central chemoreceptors are for CO2 monitoring.

24
Q

O2 monitoring

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aorta.

Adjust breathing rate by responding to the pH

25
Q

How does CO2 reduce Hb affinity to oxygen

A

Allosteric regulator. Change shape

26
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve

The axis
What it represents
Shape

A

% Hb saturation vs. oxygen pressure

Sigmoid all curve showing positive cooperativity

Shows affinity of Hb to oxygen

27
Q

2,3-DPG effect

A

Rightward shift

High altitude

To provide oxygen to the tissue where it is needed

28
Q

Exposure to CO

Why it’s deadly
How it shifts the curve
Effect on affinity of oxygen

A

Reduce max saturation point

Increase affinity to oxygen held to Hb. Doesn’t release it

CO affinity to Hb is 100 times greater

29
Q

What is the haldane effect

A

CO2 binding reduces O2 binding to Hb and vice versa

MCAT Biology by me (16 decks)

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