Respiratory System Flashcards
Medulla oblongata is connected to the lungs by what nerve
Phrenic nerve
Epiglottis
Covers the windpipe, making sure the food doesn’t go down the respiratory passage
How thick is the wall of alveolus
One cell thick
How many oxygen atoms per hemoglobin
4
Does myoglobin experience cooperativity? How many subunit does it have? Function of myoglobin?
No, only 1 subunit. For holding onto oxygen
Type of muscle for the diaphragm
Skeletal
Respiration. Role in Thermoregulation
Cooling effect achieved by evaporating water. To do that, inhale to bring in water
Ling default mode
Rib cage default mode
Pressure in the lung at default
Collapse due to its elasticity. Water lining the alveoli. Pressure from the cohesive force of water on the inner surface of the alveoli is too great that it collapses.
Extends outward
Negative
How to counteract the lung from collapsing
There are cells that produce surfactants. Opposed by surfactant which breaks up the intermolecular bonds. Surfactant is an amphipathic phosphate molecule.
Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs
110 mmHg
40 mmHg
Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in deoxygenated blood
40 mmHg
46 mmHg
Rate of gas diffusion across the membrane
Fick’s Law
Partial pressure, thickness, and SA
Inverse for thickness
Gas solubility in liquid
Henry’s Law
Partial gas pressure in equilibrium with the liquid
Solubility
C = P*Solubility
C is the concentration of dissolved gas
Hemoglobin
Positive cooperativity in releasing and binding oxygen molecules
Oxygen dissociation curve
Percent oxygen bound to hemoglobin
Shows affinity and cooperative effect through the sigmoid curve
Effect of CO2, H+, and temperature on oxygen dissociation curve
Relationship between CO2 and H+
How does CO2 inhibit oxygen association with Hb?
Shift to the right.
CO2 and H+ increase together and shift the curve to the right (Bohr shift).
Inhibit through allosteric effect, changing the shape of Hb.
2,3-DPG
Rightward shift
Going up high in the altitude
Decrease affinity so the tissues can uptake more oxygen.
Exposure to CO
Competitive inhibitor
Affinity to CO is 100X greater
Max saturation point goes down bc CO getting attached to Hb’s
Leftward shift is due to Remaining sites’ high affinity for oxygen. The sites hold the oxygen molecules and don’t let it go.
O2 doesn’t unload as it should
CO2 transportation in blood
Bio carbonate
Dissolved in solution
Carbamino compounds (combined with Hb and other proteins).
Key player in CO2 transportation
Carbonic anhydride
Forward and reverse reactions
Le Chaterlier
In RBC only not in the plasma.
Chloride shift
Biocarbonate leaves the RBC. To prevent the build of negative ions in the plasma, Cl- enters the RBC
It neutralizes RBC and offsets the H+
Haldane effect
CO2 and O2 both bind to hemoglobin but CO2 binding reduces O2 binding and vice versa
Respiratory center in the medulla
CO2 perception
Regulate breathing to adjust the pH. It is perceptive to changes in CO2 concentration. So for inspiration it causes the diaphragm to contract and causes the rib cage muscles to contract for exhalation.
The central chemoreceptors are in the medulla. The central chemoreceptors are for CO2 monitoring.
O2 monitoring
Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aorta.
Adjust breathing rate by responding to the pH
How does CO2 reduce Hb affinity to oxygen
Allosteric regulator. Change shape
Oxygen dissociation curve
The axis
What it represents
Shape
% Hb saturation vs. oxygen pressure
Sigmoid all curve showing positive cooperativity
Shows affinity of Hb to oxygen
2,3-DPG effect
Rightward shift
High altitude
To provide oxygen to the tissue where it is needed
Exposure to CO
Why it’s deadly
How it shifts the curve
Effect on affinity of oxygen
Reduce max saturation point
Increase affinity to oxygen held to Hb. Doesn’t release it
CO affinity to Hb is 100 times greater
What is the haldane effect
CO2 binding reduces O2 binding to Hb and vice versa
