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MCAT Biology by me > Biological Molecules and Enzymes > Flashcards

Biological Molecules and Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

sphingosine

A

like phosphoglycerides except that the glycerol is amino alcohol

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2
Q

Lipoprotein

Function and composition

A

fat carrier in the blood

hydrophobic core surrounded by phospholipids and apoproteins

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3
Q

T/F In absence of insulin, only brain and liver can absorb glucose

A

True

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4
Q

Starch

A

Glycogen for plants

Amylopectin and amylose

alpha linkage

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5
Q

Differentiate between nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid

A

Nucleoside - without phosphate (just nitrogenous base and sugar)

nucleotide - with the phosphate

nucleic acid - polymer with multiple nucleotides

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6
Q

AT, GC number of hydrogen bonds

A

AT: 2 hydrogen bonds

GC: 3 hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

Epigenetic

A

Changes made without changes in the nucleotie. ex. methylation

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8
Q

Nucleosome

A

8 histones wrapped around DNA

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9
Q

chromatin composition

A

1/3 DNA, 2/3 protein, little bit of RNA

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10
Q

Heterochromatin

A

tightly coiled and condensed, transcription doesn’t happen

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11
Q

Euchromatin

A

only coiled during nuclear division.

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12
Q

single-copy DNA

A
  • only one cop of a nucleotide sequence
  • regions of euchromatin that are actively transcribed
  • Long base sequences
  • Low rate of mutation
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13
Q

Repetitive DNA

A
  • Not translated - non coding regions of DNA
  • remain tightly coiled in heterochromatin
  • Short base sequences
  • Higher rate of mutation
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14
Q

Methylation

A

adding -CH3 on cytosine nucleotide. DNA wound more tightly so there is decrease in transcription

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15
Q

non-coding RNA

A

regions of RNA that doesn’t code for protein. Responsible for chemical changes in the chromatin structure

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16
Q

Promoter sequence function

A

Dictates where transcription takes place and how often transcription takes place

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17
Q

Is there a proofreading mechanism in transcription?

T/F: errors in RNA are called mutations

A

No

Errors in RNA are not called mutations and are not passed onto progeny

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18
Q

Termination in transcription

A

Termination sequence

Rho protein

19
Q

T/F activators and repressors only occur in prokarotes

A

F

20
Q

Lac Operon: explain the positive and negative control of how lac genes are transcribed

A

Positive control: Acceleration –> CAP activated by cAMP (secondary messenger); this activates the promoter sequence and allows the initiation complex to form

Negative control: lactose binding to the repressor and taking off the operator. Taking the break off.

The presence of lactose can induce the transcription of the lac operon only when glucose is not present

21
Q

5’ cap

A

attachment site during translation

protection from degradation of exonuclease

22
Q

snRNPs

A

snurps

ribozme that catalyzes chemical reaction on mRNA

snRNPS + associated proteins - spliceosome

23
Q

Alternative splicing

A

omitting exons, adding introns, utilizing various splicing sites

ending at different termination site, using a different promoter and etc - contribute to genetic diversity

24
Q

Introns function in gene expression

A

associated with amplified protein production

25
Q

Destiny of proteins injected into the ER lumen

A

will become plasma membrane proteins of golgi, lslsome, ER, nuclear envelope, or secreted from the cell

26
Q

Primse in DNA replication

A

creates RNA primer to initiate or jump start replication on the lagging strand

27
Q

How are the primers removed in replication? How are the gaps filled?

A

RNAse H enzyme removes the primer. The gaps are filled by DNA polymerase

28
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

29
Q

Signal for the large ribosome to join and form an initiation complex in translation

A

t-RNA carring 5’-CAU-3’ sits on the P site

30
Q

What happens when a stop codon reaches the A site?

A

protein known as the release factor attaches

31
Q

Kinetochore

A

structure of protein and DNA located at the centromere of the joined chromatids of each chromosome

32
Q

Transversion vs. transition

A

Both are base-pair substitutions

Transversion: purine to pyrimidine or vice versa

Transition: convert within purines or pyrimidines

33
Q

Missense substitution

A

when a base pair changes a codon

34
Q

Duplication in chromosomal mutation

A

When a segment of DNA breaks free and attaches onto a homologous chromosome

35
Q

Translocation

A

Segment of DNA exchanged between chromosomes

36
Q

Transposons

A

Flanked by flanking sequences, they can excise themselves out from the chromosome and reinsert themselves at another location

37
Q

A way somatic cell can alter its genetic make up without meiosis

A

Transposition

38
Q

Gene linkage

A

When genes on a chromosome are located close together. The are more likely to cross over together

39
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Zipped region in chromosomes where genetic materials are being exchanged during meiosis

40
Q

single cross over vs. double cross over

A

Single cross over: exchanging genetic information just once

Double cross over: exchange a part of the chromosome then gets a sub section of it back (regains some of the original segment)

41
Q

Penetrance

A

Probability of gene being expressed if it is present (binary condition, present or not)

42
Q

Expressivity

A

how much the genotype is expressed as a phenotype

degree of expression of a certain trait

43
Q

Barr body

A

condensed, Inactive site on the X-chromosome. All but one X-chromosome is inactivated during interphase during gameoteogenesis.

XX - one barr body
XXX - two barr bodies

44
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Equation to predict allelic frequencies in a population

A

1) no selection for the fittest organism
2) random mating
3) large population
4) immigration or emigration must not change the gene pool
5) mutational equilibrium

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p + q = 1

MCAT Biology by me (16 decks)

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