Respiratory System Flashcards
What is Pulmonary Ventilation? Explain
Inhalation (Inspiration): flow of air into lungs
Exhalation (Expiration): flow of air out of lungs
What is Pulmonary Respiration?
Exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane
What is Tissue Respiration?
Exchange of gasses between the blood and tissue cells
What is Cellular Respiration?
The metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide in the production of ATP
What does pulmonary mean?
Lungs
Structural Divisions of the Respiratory System
Nose, Pharynx (throat), Larynx (voicebox), Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi, Lungs
Upper Respiratory System
Nose, Pharynx
Lower Respiratory System
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
2 Functional Divisions
- Conducting Zone
2. Respiratory Zone
Structures of the conducting zone
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Terminal Bronchioles
Functions of the conducting zone
- Filter, warm, and moisten air and to conduct it to the lungs
- To receive olfactory stimuli
- Sound generation for speech
Respiratory Zone Structures
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Respiratory Zone Functions
Gas Exchange
Describe the Nose
- Olfactory Receptors
- Rich Blood Supply
- Sticky Mucous Particulate
- Ciliated Cells
What do Ciliated Cells in the nose do?
Move the mucous to the throat where it is swallowed and digested
Pharynx A.k.a
Throat
Where is the Pharynx located? Describe it
Behind the nasal cavity and above the larynx
Funnel-shaped tube
Pharynx’s Functions
- Passageway for air and food
- Resonating chamber for sounds
- Housing for tonsils
What is at the Pharynx’s inferior end?
Esophagus and larynx
Larynx A.k.a
Voice box
Functions of the Larynx
- Voice production
2. Routes air and food into their proper channels
Where is the larynx located?
Inferior to where the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus
What protects the top of the larynx?
The Epiglottis
Trachea A.k.a
Windpipe
Where is the trachea located?
Anterior to the esophagus
Describe the Trachea
- Fairly rigid
- Lined with mucous membrane to filter particulate
- Cilia
What supports the trachea’s shape?
C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage reinforce and support its shape
What does the Cilia do in the Trachea?
Sweeps particulate out of the trachea to the throat for expectoration or digestion
How and where do the bronchi divide?
At the 5th Thoracic vertebrae divides into right and left primary bronchi which travels to the right and left lungs
What is present where the trachea divides?
An internal ridge called the Carina
What is the carina important for?
It is one of the most sensitive areas of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex
What are the lungs?
Two organs separated by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum
Where is the mediastinum located?
Its the region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
Sternum to vertebrae, 1st rib to clavicle
What is the top and bottom of the mediastinum called?
Top: Apex
Bottom: Base
Within the lungs, each bronchus subdivides into smaller and smaller units. What are they called?
- Secondary Bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left)
- Tertiary Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Smooth muscle and cartilage in the lungs..
Smooth Muscle Increases
Cartilage Decreases
Describe the alveoli
- Cup Shaped outpouching
- Lined simple squamous epithelium
- Supported by thin, elastic basement membrane
What are alveolar sacs?
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening
Functions of alveolar cells
- Gas Exchange
- Fluid secretion
- Alveolar macrophages remove dust
- Fibroblasts make reticular and elastic fibres
What reduces the alveoli to collapse?
Fluid secreted by alveolar cells contain surfactant, which reduces surface tension
How does the alveoli tie into blood supply with the lungs?
- Surrounded by capillaries
- Gas exchange happens through diffusion across alveolar and capillary walls
- Oxygen from air to blood
- CO2 from blood to air
What do the alveoli and capillaries form? What is it made of?
Respiratory Membrane
- Alveolar Epithelium
- Basement Membrane (underlying alveolar epithelium)
- Basement Membrane (underlying endothelium)
- Endothelium
Oxygen Transport
- Most carried from lungs to body tissues bound to hemoglobin
- Little dissolved in blood
- Goes to tissue and is used
Carbon Dioxide Transport
- Most carried in blood in form, bicarbonate (HCO2)
- Some carried attached to Hb (carboxyhemoglobin)
- Little dissolved into blood
- Released at lungs and exhaled
Each lung is closed in and protected by. Describe its structure.
Pleural Membrane
-Double layered serous membrane
The layer of pleural membrane that covers the lungs
Visceral Pleura
The layer of pleural membrane that covers the inside of the thoracic cavity
Parietal Pleura
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura. What does it contain?
Pleura Cavity, contains lubricating fluid
Describe inhalation
- Mm contraction expands lungs and thoracic cage
- Thoracic volume increases
- Thoracic pressure decreases
- Air rushes in to normalize pressure
Describe exhalation
- Passive process (at rest)
- Muscles relax, elastic recoil of thoracic cage
- Thoracic volume decreases
- Thoracic volume increases
- Air rushes out to normalize pressure
The largest volume of air that can be brought into the lungs
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
The volume of air that can be exhaled in 1 second (after maximal inhalation
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)
The volume of air in one regular breathe
Tidal Volume (Vt)
Where is the respiratory control centre?
Brainstem (Medulla Oblongata)
What does the respiratory control centre control?
Rhythm and rate of breathing
What detects rising concentrations of HO2 and H+? How do they respond?
Central Chemoreceptors
Increasing Ventilation
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found? What do they do?
Carotid arteries, arch of the aorta
-Respond to rising CO2, H+, and dropping O2 concentrations and respond by increasing ventilation
