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Phys Test 3 & 4 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation? Explain

A

Inhalation (Inspiration): flow of air into lungs

Exhalation (Expiration): flow of air out of lungs

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2
Q

What is Pulmonary Respiration?

A

Exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane

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3
Q

What is Tissue Respiration?

A

Exchange of gasses between the blood and tissue cells

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4
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

The metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide in the production of ATP

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5
Q

What does pulmonary mean?

A

Lungs

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6
Q

Structural Divisions of the Respiratory System

A

Nose, Pharynx (throat), Larynx (voicebox), Trachea (windpipe), Bronchi, Lungs

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7
Q

Upper Respiratory System

A

Nose, Pharynx

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8
Q

Lower Respiratory System

A

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

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9
Q

2 Functional Divisions

A
  1. Conducting Zone

2. Respiratory Zone

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10
Q

Structures of the conducting zone

A

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Terminal Bronchioles

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11
Q

Functions of the conducting zone

A
  1. Filter, warm, and moisten air and to conduct it to the lungs
  2. To receive olfactory stimuli
  3. Sound generation for speech
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12
Q

Respiratory Zone Structures

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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13
Q

Respiratory Zone Functions

A

Gas Exchange

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14
Q

Describe the Nose

A
  1. Olfactory Receptors
  2. Rich Blood Supply
  3. Sticky Mucous Particulate
  4. Ciliated Cells
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15
Q

What do Ciliated Cells in the nose do?

A

Move the mucous to the throat where it is swallowed and digested

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16
Q

Pharynx A.k.a

A

Throat

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17
Q

Where is the Pharynx located? Describe it

A

Behind the nasal cavity and above the larynx

Funnel-shaped tube

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18
Q

Pharynx’s Functions

A
  1. Passageway for air and food
  2. Resonating chamber for sounds
  3. Housing for tonsils
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19
Q

What is at the Pharynx’s inferior end?

A

Esophagus and larynx

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20
Q

Larynx A.k.a

A

Voice box

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21
Q

Functions of the Larynx

A
  1. Voice production

2. Routes air and food into their proper channels

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22
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Inferior to where the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus

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23
Q

What protects the top of the larynx?

A

The Epiglottis

24
Q

Trachea A.k.a

A

Windpipe

25
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Anterior to the esophagus

26
Q

Describe the Trachea

A
  1. Fairly rigid
  2. Lined with mucous membrane to filter particulate
  3. Cilia
27
Q

What supports the trachea’s shape?

A

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage reinforce and support its shape

28
Q

What does the Cilia do in the Trachea?

A

Sweeps particulate out of the trachea to the throat for expectoration or digestion

29
Q

How and where do the bronchi divide?

A

At the 5th Thoracic vertebrae divides into right and left primary bronchi which travels to the right and left lungs

30
Q

What is present where the trachea divides?

A

An internal ridge called the Carina

31
Q

What is the carina important for?

A

It is one of the most sensitive areas of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex

32
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Two organs separated by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum

33
Q

Where is the mediastinum located?

A

Its the region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.

Sternum to vertebrae, 1st rib to clavicle

34
Q

What is the top and bottom of the mediastinum called?

A

Top: Apex
Bottom: Base

35
Q

Within the lungs, each bronchus subdivides into smaller and smaller units. What are they called?

A
  • Secondary Bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left)
  • Tertiary Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
36
Q

Smooth muscle and cartilage in the lungs..

A

Smooth Muscle Increases

Cartilage Decreases

37
Q

Describe the alveoli

A
  • Cup Shaped outpouching
  • Lined simple squamous epithelium
  • Supported by thin, elastic basement membrane
38
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening

39
Q

Functions of alveolar cells

A
  • Gas Exchange
  • Fluid secretion
  • Alveolar macrophages remove dust
  • Fibroblasts make reticular and elastic fibres
40
Q

What reduces the alveoli to collapse?

A

Fluid secreted by alveolar cells contain surfactant, which reduces surface tension

41
Q

How does the alveoli tie into blood supply with the lungs?

A
  • Surrounded by capillaries
  • Gas exchange happens through diffusion across alveolar and capillary walls
  • Oxygen from air to blood
  • CO2 from blood to air
42
Q

What do the alveoli and capillaries form? What is it made of?

A

Respiratory Membrane

  • Alveolar Epithelium
  • Basement Membrane (underlying alveolar epithelium)
  • Basement Membrane (underlying endothelium)
  • Endothelium
43
Q

Oxygen Transport

A
  • Most carried from lungs to body tissues bound to hemoglobin
  • Little dissolved in blood
  • Goes to tissue and is used
44
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport

A
  • Most carried in blood in form, bicarbonate (HCO2)
  • Some carried attached to Hb (carboxyhemoglobin)
  • Little dissolved into blood
  • Released at lungs and exhaled
45
Q

Each lung is closed in and protected by. Describe its structure.

A

Pleural Membrane

-Double layered serous membrane

46
Q

The layer of pleural membrane that covers the lungs

A

Visceral Pleura

47
Q

The layer of pleural membrane that covers the inside of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal Pleura

48
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura. What does it contain?

A

Pleura Cavity, contains lubricating fluid

49
Q

Describe inhalation

A
  • Mm contraction expands lungs and thoracic cage
  • Thoracic volume increases
  • Thoracic pressure decreases
  • Air rushes in to normalize pressure
50
Q

Describe exhalation

A
  • Passive process (at rest)
  • Muscles relax, elastic recoil of thoracic cage
  • Thoracic volume decreases
  • Thoracic volume increases
  • Air rushes out to normalize pressure
51
Q

The largest volume of air that can be brought into the lungs

A

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

52
Q

The volume of air that can be exhaled in 1 second (after maximal inhalation

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

53
Q

The volume of air in one regular breathe

A

Tidal Volume (Vt)

54
Q

Where is the respiratory control centre?

A

Brainstem (Medulla Oblongata)

55
Q

What does the respiratory control centre control?

A

Rhythm and rate of breathing

56
Q

What detects rising concentrations of HO2 and H+? How do they respond?

A

Central Chemoreceptors

Increasing Ventilation

57
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found? What do they do?

A

Carotid arteries, arch of the aorta

-Respond to rising CO2, H+, and dropping O2 concentrations and respond by increasing ventilation

Phys Test 3 & 4 (4 decks)

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