Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Phys Test 3 & 4 > Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Digestion

A

Break down of food into molecules small enough to be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe Absorbtion

A

The passage of molecules through the plasma membranes of the cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structures of the Gastrointestinal System

A
  1. GI Tract

2. Accessory Digestive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GI Tract A.k.a

A

Alimentary Canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the GI tract

A

Continuous tube from the mouth to the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the accessory Digestive Organs?

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary Glands
  4. Liver
  5. Gallbladder
  6. Pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functions of the GI system

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion (breakdown)
  3. Mixing and propulsion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ingestion

A

Eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Secretion?

A

Cells in the walls of the GI tract and accessory organs secrete water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Mixing and Propulsion ?

A
  1. Muscles in the organ wall rhythmically contract and relax to mix the food and secretions together
  2. Move mixture through the system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 types of Digestion?

A
  1. Mechanical

2. Chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Mechanical Digestion

A
  1. Tongue mixes food
  2. Teeth grind and cut food
  3. Stomach and small intestines churn/mix food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe Chemical Digestion

A
  1. Enzymes help break larger nutrients into smaller ones (which are then absorbed)
  2. Enzymes are secreted by salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas and small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Absorption

A
  1. Taken in through the membranes of cells lining the stomach and small intestines
  2. Enters blood or lymphatics
  3. Circulated through the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Elimination A.k.a

A

Defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Elimination

A

Feces: wastes, undigested substances, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, cells sloughed off from the GI tract lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chewing

A

Mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Swallowing

A

Degluitition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vomiting

A

Emesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Taste

A

Gustation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do teeth do?

A
  1. Cut/grind food
  2. Mix food with saliva
  3. Food more manageable to swallow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the tongue?

A

A skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual Glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Salivary gland inferior and anterior to the ear, between skin and masseter

A

Parotid Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Salivary gland located the floor of the mouth
Submandibular Glands
26
Salivary gland beneath the tongue
Sublingual Glands
27
Lingual refers to ____
The Tongue
28
What is saliva?
Water, solutes, and enzymes
29
Soft, flexible mass that is swallowed
Bolus
30
Pharynx A.k.a
Throat
31
Structure of pharynx
Skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane
32
What happens through the pharynx?
Muscle contractions move bolus from the mouth through the pharynx to the esophagus
33
Structure of the esophagus (where located)
1. Skeletal and smooth muscle 2. Collapsible muscular tube posterior to trachea 3. Lowest segment of pharynx through diaphragm to superior aspect of the stomach.
34
How does the esophagus go through the diagram?
Esophageal Hiatus
35
Functions of the Esophagus
1. Secrete mucous | 2. Transport bolus to stomach
36
Wave-like contractions of smooth muscle lining the walls of the GI tract that move the bolus along the tract
Peristalsis
37
What is the passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus controlled by?
Upper esophageal sphincter
38
What is the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach controlled by?
Lower esophageal sphincter
39
What does the Lower Esophageal Sphincter prevent?
Acid from the stomach back into the esophagus *Heartburn*
40
The wall of the GI tract from the lower esophagus to the anal canal has the same 4 layered arrangement. What is it from superficial to deep?
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa
41
What is the reference point of the 4 layered arrangement of the GI tract wall?
The Lumen
42
Mucosa consists of:
- Epithelium - Lamina Propria - Muscularis Mucosa
43
Cells of the epithelium element of mucosa
1. Epithelial cells 2. Exocrine Cells 3. Enteroendocrine Cells
44
What do the exocrine cells secrete?
Mucous, liquid
45
What do the enteroendocrine cells secrete?
Hormones
46
Describe the Lamina Propria
1. CT areolar 2. Blood and lymphatic vessels (absorption) 3. Mucosa-asscociated lymphatic tissue (MALT) (immune)
47
Describe Muscularis Mucosa
Smooth muscle layer that created folds in the mucosa for increasing surface area for absorption
48
Describe Submucosa
- CT layer binds mucosa to muscularis layer - Contains blood and lymphatic vessels (nutrient transport) - Contains neurons of the ENS for GI control
49
What type of muscle is the Muscularis layer?
Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
50
Where is skeletal muscle found? Where is smooth muscle?
``` Mouth, pharynx, upper 2/3rds of esophagus, external anal sphincter Everywhere else (Smooth) ```
51
What are the two layers of muscle in Muscularis?
1. Circular Fibres | 2. Longitudinal Fibres
52
Contractions of muscularis help:
- Break down food - Mix food with secretions - Move food through GI tract
53
Which NS controls the frequency and strength of contractions?
Enteric
54
Serosa A.k.a
Visceral Peritoneum
55
Describe the Serosa
1. Serous membrane (2 layer peritoneum) | 2. Outermost layer of the organs in the abdominal cavity
56
2 Layers of the peritoneum
1 .Visceral Peritoneum (serosa) | 2. Parietal Peritoneum
57
Where is the peritoneum found?
Between two layers of peritoneal cavity
58
Some organs are covered by the peritoneum on their anterior side only
Rertoperitoneal
59
Examples of Retroperitoneals
Kidneys, Ascending/descending colons, duodenum, pancreas
60
The peritoneum contains large folds that _____...
Bind organs to one another and to the walls of the abdominal cavity
61
J-shaped enlargement in the GI tract
Stomach
62
Stomach location
- Immediately below the diaphragm | - Runs from the esophagus to small intestines
63
How does food enter the stomach?
Through the lower esophageal sphincter
64
What is the stomach for the GI system?
Storage tank | Allows catch up for the GI tract
65
Stomach mixes food for 2-4hrs, soupy mix called ___
Chyme
66
What is absorbed in the stomach?
Little (water, ions, some fats, medications, alcohol)
67
Once food particles are small enough, where do they go?
To the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter
68
How is the wall of the stomach arranged?
Same 4 layered structure as GI tract (Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa) +specialized cells +additional smooth muscle layer
69
What are the specialized cells in the stomach?
1. Mucous Neck Cells 2. Parietal Cells 3. Chief Cells 4. G Cells
70
What are the specialized cells in the stomach secrete?
1. Mucous (mucous neck cells) 2. Intrinsic Factor and HCl- (parietal cells) 3. Pepsinogen and gastric lipase (chief cells) 4. Gastrin (hormone by G cells)
71
How does pepsinogen activate, what does it do?
- As is, is not active - + HCl- (from parietal cells) becomes active - Breaks down protein ONLY in chyme - -Mucous lining of stomach protects proteins making it up
72
Role of gastric lipase
Breaks down fats in the stomach
73
Roles of Gastrin
(ENDOCRINE, BLOODSTREAM) 1. stimulates gastric juice production 2. strengthens LES contraction 3. increases stomach peristalsis 4. relaxes pyloric sphincter
74
Collective secretions of mucous, parietal, and chief cells (no G cells)
Gastric Juices
75
What does the additional layer of smooth muscle do for the stomach?
Facilitate mixing
76
How large is the small intestine?
~3m long and 2.5cm in diameter
77
Why does the small intestine have a large surface area?
Digestion and Absorption
78
3 Regions of the Small Intestines
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
79
What increases the surface area of the small intestines?
1. Circular Folds: ridges in mucosa/submucosa | 2. Villi (mucosal layer)
80
Each villi is covered in..
Epithelium
81
Epithelial cells of the small intestine
1. Absorptive Cells (digestion/absorption) 2. Goblet Cells (mucous) 3. Paneth Cells (kill bacteria) 4. Enteroendocrine Cells (secrete hormones)
82
What is the brush border?
Name for absorptive Cells have microvilli
83
Each villus has:
arteriole, venule, lacteal
84
What is a lacteal
Lymphatic Supply vessel
85
What is chyme mixed with in the small intestine?
Intestinal and pancreatic juices
86
In the small intestine, absorbed nutrients pass into either:
1. Blood stream and go to the liver 2. The lymphatics via a lacteal 3. Remaining passes into large intestine
87
What nutrients are absorbed into the blood?
Carbs, proteins, water, electrolytes, water-soluble vitamins
88
What nutrients are absorbed into the lymphatics?
Lipids
89
How does food pass through the small intestine to the large?
Through the ileocecal valve/sphincter
90
Where does the pancreas sit?
Posterior to the stomach
91
Functions of the pancreas
Endocrine and exocrine
92
Exocrine function of the pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juice (water, salts, sodiumbicarbonate, enzymes) into the duodenal lumen
93
Pancreatic juices are secreted into the proximal duodenum via 2 main ducts..
1. Common duct: formed by pancreatic duct joining common bile duct from the liver/gall bladder 2. Accessory duct
94
Liver location
Inferior to the diaphragm in the right superior region of the abdominal cavity
95
Structure of Liver
Two Lobes: | Larger right, smaller left
96
How does the liver receive its blood?
1. Hepatic Artery: oxygenated blood | 2. Hepatic Portal Vein: deoxygenated blood
97
Why would the liver want deoxygenated blood through its ______.
Hepatic Portal Vein: delivers absorbed nutrients, medications, microbes and toxins
98
What are hepatocytes? What do they do?
Liver cells (glycogen storage) - Absorb oxygen, nutrients, and toxins - Release nutrients - Manufacture and secrete bile (not into blood stream)
99
When the blood flows past the liver, it enters the ____
Hepatic Vein
100
Other functions of the liver (7)
1. Carb Metabolism 2. Lipid Metabolism 3. Protein Metabolism 4. Drug and Hormone Processing 5. Bilirubin Elimination 6. Vitamin and Mineral Storage 7. Vitamin D Activation
101
Liver's affect on Carb Metabolism
- Low Blood Sugar: hepatocytes break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood - High Blood Sugar: Remove glucose and store as glycogen and fat - Can convert amino acid, lactic acid and other sugars into glucose
102
Liver's affect on Lipid Metabolism
Hepatocytes store fat, break it down (ATP) and make cholesterol
103
Liver's affect on Protein Metabolism
- Makes amino acids available for energy - Convert amino acids into carbs of fats - Synthesize most plasma proteins
104
Liver's affect on Drug and Hormone Processing
Detoxifies/inactivates substances
105
What is bilirubin?
End product of the break down of RBCs. | Has yellow pigment--Jaundice
106
Structure and location of gallbladder
Pear shaped, posterior surface of liver
107
Function of gallbladder
Stores and concetrates bile --break down fats
108
What is bile? What is its function?
- Yellow/brown/olive liquid - Made by hepatocytes - Collects into larger and larger vessels - Break down of fats
109
What is the term for breaking down
Emulsification
110
4 Regions of the large intestine
1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum 4. Anal Canal
111
Functions of Large Intestine
1. Completion of absorption 2. Vitamin K production (blood clotting processes) 3. Formation/elimination of feces
112
Small pouch attached to the ileocecal valve
Cecum
113
What is attached to the Cecum?
Appendix
114
Contents move from the Cecum to the ____
Colon
115
4 Divisions of the Colon
1. Ascending (to hepatic flexure) 2. Transverse (to spleen flexure) 3. Descending (to left iliac crest) 4. Sigmoid (to the rectum at ~S3)
116
What happens when food accumulates in the Colon?
- Fills haustra - Stimulates smooth muscle contraction - Food moves to next haustra
117
Mass peristalsis moves meal from the transverse colon to the ______
Rectum
118
Travels inferiorly to the anal canal
Rectum
119
Terminal portion of the large intestine
Anal canal
120
How is elimination controlled?
Internal Anal Sphincter: involuntary | External Anal Sphincter: voluntary
121
What is the defecation reflex?
Distension of the rectum ultimately gives the urge to go, relaxes internal anal sphincter
122
Divisions of the GI tract
Upper GI: mouth, pharynx, stomach, duodenum | Lower GI: most of the intestines and the anus
123
3 Overlapping Phases of Digestion
1. Cephalic 2. Gastric 3. Intestinal
124
Cephalic Phase of Digestion
Thought, smell, sight, and initial taste of food activates NS -Salivary glands and gastric glands are stimulated to prepare mouth and stomach for digestion
125
Once food reaches the stomach, it is the _____ phase of digestion
Gastric Phase
126
Changes during Gastric Phase of Digestion
1. Stretch receptors stimulated by stomach change shape | 2. Chemo receptors are stimulated by stomach pH change
127
What do the changes in the Gastric Phase of Digestion do?
- Increase peristalsis and gastric juice production | - Stimulate gastrin release (G-cells)
128
Explain the Gastric Phase after the stomach.
- Chyme through pyloric sphincter into duodenum - Decreases stomach volume--removes stretch receptor stimulus - Stomach more acidic - decreased stretch receptors and normalizing pH removes some stimulus for gastrin release
129
What happens in the Intestinal Phase?
Chyme in duodenum causes enteroendocrine cells to release hormones
130
What are the hormones secreted in the Intestinal Phase
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) | - Secretin
131
What are the affects of the hormones secreted in the Intestinal Phase?
1. Stimulates gallbladder to eject bile into duodenum (CCK) 2. Secretin decrease gastric juice production (CCK/secretin) 3. Slow food coming through the pyloric valve (CCK/secretin) 4. Increase pancreatic juice secretion (CCK/secretin)

Phys Test 3 & 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions