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Phys Test 3 & 4 > Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Digestion

A

Break down of food into molecules small enough to be absorbed

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2
Q

Describe Absorbtion

A

The passage of molecules through the plasma membranes of the cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph

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3
Q

Structures of the Gastrointestinal System

A
  1. GI Tract

2. Accessory Digestive Organs

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4
Q

GI Tract A.k.a

A

Alimentary Canal

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5
Q

Describe the GI tract

A

Continuous tube from the mouth to the anus

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6
Q

What are the accessory Digestive Organs?

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary Glands
  4. Liver
  5. Gallbladder
  6. Pancreas
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7
Q

Functions of the GI system

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion (breakdown)
  3. Mixing and propulsion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
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8
Q

Ingestion

A

Eating

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9
Q

What is Secretion?

A

Cells in the walls of the GI tract and accessory organs secrete water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract

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10
Q

What is Mixing and Propulsion ?

A
  1. Muscles in the organ wall rhythmically contract and relax to mix the food and secretions together
  2. Move mixture through the system
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of Digestion?

A
  1. Mechanical

2. Chemical

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12
Q

Describe Mechanical Digestion

A
  1. Tongue mixes food
  2. Teeth grind and cut food
  3. Stomach and small intestines churn/mix food
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13
Q

Describe Chemical Digestion

A
  1. Enzymes help break larger nutrients into smaller ones (which are then absorbed)
  2. Enzymes are secreted by salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas and small intestine
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14
Q

Describe Absorption

A
  1. Taken in through the membranes of cells lining the stomach and small intestines
  2. Enters blood or lymphatics
  3. Circulated through the body
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15
Q

Elimination A.k.a

A

Defecation

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16
Q

Describe Elimination

A

Feces: wastes, undigested substances, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, cells sloughed off from the GI tract lining

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17
Q

Chewing

A

Mastication

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18
Q

Swallowing

A

Degluitition

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19
Q

Vomiting

A

Emesis

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20
Q

Taste

A

Gustation

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21
Q

What do teeth do?

A
  1. Cut/grind food
  2. Mix food with saliva
  3. Food more manageable to swallow
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22
Q

What is the tongue?

A

A skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane

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23
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual Glands
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24
Q

Salivary gland inferior and anterior to the ear, between skin and masseter

A

Parotid Gland

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25
Q

Salivary gland located the floor of the mouth

A

Submandibular Glands

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26
Q

Salivary gland beneath the tongue

A

Sublingual Glands

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27
Q

Lingual refers to ____

A

The Tongue

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28
Q

What is saliva?

A

Water, solutes, and enzymes

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29
Q

Soft, flexible mass that is swallowed

A

Bolus

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30
Q

Pharynx A.k.a

A

Throat

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31
Q

Structure of pharynx

A

Skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane

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32
Q

What happens through the pharynx?

A

Muscle contractions move bolus from the mouth through the pharynx to the esophagus

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33
Q

Structure of the esophagus (where located)

A
  1. Skeletal and smooth muscle
  2. Collapsible muscular tube posterior to trachea
  3. Lowest segment of pharynx through diaphragm to superior aspect of the stomach.
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34
Q

How does the esophagus go through the diagram?

A

Esophageal Hiatus

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35
Q

Functions of the Esophagus

A
  1. Secrete mucous

2. Transport bolus to stomach

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36
Q

Wave-like contractions of smooth muscle lining the walls of the GI tract that move the bolus along the tract

A

Peristalsis

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37
Q

What is the passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus controlled by?

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

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38
Q

What is the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach controlled by?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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39
Q

What does the Lower Esophageal Sphincter prevent?

A

Acid from the stomach back into the esophagus Heartburn

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40
Q

The wall of the GI tract from the lower esophagus to the anal canal has the same 4 layered arrangement. What is it from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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41
Q

What is the reference point of the 4 layered arrangement of the GI tract wall?

A

The Lumen

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42
Q

Mucosa consists of:

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina Propria
  • Muscularis Mucosa
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43
Q

Cells of the epithelium element of mucosa

A
  1. Epithelial cells
  2. Exocrine Cells
  3. Enteroendocrine Cells
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44
Q

What do the exocrine cells secrete?

A

Mucous, liquid

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45
Q

What do the enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

Hormones

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46
Q

Describe the Lamina Propria

A
  1. CT areolar
  2. Blood and lymphatic vessels (absorption)
  3. Mucosa-asscociated lymphatic tissue (MALT) (immune)
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47
Q

Describe Muscularis Mucosa

A

Smooth muscle layer that created folds in the mucosa for increasing surface area for absorption

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48
Q

Describe Submucosa

A
  • CT layer binds mucosa to muscularis layer
  • Contains blood and lymphatic vessels (nutrient transport)
  • Contains neurons of the ENS for GI control
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49
Q

What type of muscle is the Muscularis layer?

A

Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

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50
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found? Where is smooth muscle?

A 
Mouth, pharynx, upper 2/3rds of esophagus, external anal sphincter
Everywhere else (Smooth)
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51
Q

What are the two layers of muscle in Muscularis?

A
  1. Circular Fibres

2. Longitudinal Fibres

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52
Q

Contractions of muscularis help:

A
  • Break down food
  • Mix food with secretions
  • Move food through GI tract
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53
Q

Which NS controls the frequency and strength of contractions?

A

Enteric

54
Q

Serosa A.k.a

A

Visceral Peritoneum

55
Q

Describe the Serosa

A
  1. Serous membrane (2 layer peritoneum)

2. Outermost layer of the organs in the abdominal cavity

56
Q

2 Layers of the peritoneum

A

1 .Visceral Peritoneum (serosa)

2. Parietal Peritoneum

57
Q

Where is the peritoneum found?

A

Between two layers of peritoneal cavity

58
Q

Some organs are covered by the peritoneum on their anterior side only

A

Rertoperitoneal

59
Q

Examples of Retroperitoneals

A

Kidneys, Ascending/descending colons, duodenum, pancreas

60
Q

The peritoneum contains large folds that _____…

A

Bind organs to one another and to the walls of the abdominal cavity

61
Q

J-shaped enlargement in the GI tract

A

Stomach

62
Q

Stomach location

A
  • Immediately below the diaphragm

- Runs from the esophagus to small intestines

63
Q

How does food enter the stomach?

A

Through the lower esophageal sphincter

64
Q

What is the stomach for the GI system?

A

Storage tank

Allows catch up for the GI tract

65
Q

Stomach mixes food for 2-4hrs, soupy mix called ___

A

Chyme

66
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

Little (water, ions, some fats, medications, alcohol)

67
Q

Once food particles are small enough, where do they go?

A

To the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter

68
Q

How is the wall of the stomach arranged?

A

Same 4 layered structure as GI tract
(Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa)
+specialized cells
+additional smooth muscle layer

69
Q

What are the specialized cells in the stomach?

A
  1. Mucous Neck Cells
  2. Parietal Cells
  3. Chief Cells
  4. G Cells
70
Q

What are the specialized cells in the stomach secrete?

A
  1. Mucous (mucous neck cells)
  2. Intrinsic Factor and HCl- (parietal cells)
  3. Pepsinogen and gastric lipase (chief cells)
  4. Gastrin (hormone by G cells)
71
Q

How does pepsinogen activate, what does it do?

A
  • As is, is not active
    • HCl- (from parietal cells) becomes active
  • Breaks down protein ONLY in chyme
  • -Mucous lining of stomach protects proteins making it up
72
Q

Role of gastric lipase

A

Breaks down fats in the stomach

73
Q

Roles of Gastrin

A

(ENDOCRINE, BLOODSTREAM)

  1. stimulates gastric juice production
  2. strengthens LES contraction
  3. increases stomach peristalsis
  4. relaxes pyloric sphincter
74
Q

Collective secretions of mucous, parietal, and chief cells (no G cells)

A

Gastric Juices

75
Q

What does the additional layer of smooth muscle do for the stomach?

A

Facilitate mixing

76
Q

How large is the small intestine?

A

~3m long and 2.5cm in diameter

77
Q

Why does the small intestine have a large surface area?

A

Digestion and Absorption

78
Q

3 Regions of the Small Intestines

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
79
Q

What increases the surface area of the small intestines?

A
  1. Circular Folds: ridges in mucosa/submucosa

2. Villi (mucosal layer)

80
Q

Each villi is covered in..

A

Epithelium

81
Q

Epithelial cells of the small intestine

A
  1. Absorptive Cells (digestion/absorption)
  2. Goblet Cells (mucous)
  3. Paneth Cells (kill bacteria)
  4. Enteroendocrine Cells (secrete hormones)
82
Q

What is the brush border?

A

Name for absorptive Cells have microvilli

83
Q

Each villus has:

A

arteriole, venule, lacteal

84
Q

What is a lacteal

A

Lymphatic Supply vessel

85
Q

What is chyme mixed with in the small intestine?

A

Intestinal and pancreatic juices

86
Q

In the small intestine, absorbed nutrients pass into either:

A
  1. Blood stream and go to the liver
  2. The lymphatics via a lacteal
  3. Remaining passes into large intestine
87
Q

What nutrients are absorbed into the blood?

A

Carbs, proteins, water, electrolytes, water-soluble vitamins

88
Q

What nutrients are absorbed into the lymphatics?

A

Lipids

89
Q

How does food pass through the small intestine to the large?

A

Through the ileocecal valve/sphincter

90
Q

Where does the pancreas sit?

A

Posterior to the stomach

91
Q

Functions of the pancreas

A

Endocrine and exocrine

92
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juice (water, salts, sodiumbicarbonate, enzymes) into the duodenal lumen

93
Q

Pancreatic juices are secreted into the proximal duodenum via 2 main ducts..

A
  1. Common duct: formed by pancreatic duct joining common bile duct from the liver/gall bladder
  2. Accessory duct
94
Q

Liver location

A

Inferior to the diaphragm in the right superior region of the abdominal cavity

95
Q

Structure of Liver

A

Two Lobes:

Larger right, smaller left

96
Q

How does the liver receive its blood?

A
  1. Hepatic Artery: oxygenated blood

2. Hepatic Portal Vein: deoxygenated blood

97
Q

Why would the liver want deoxygenated blood through its ______.

A

Hepatic Portal Vein: delivers absorbed nutrients, medications, microbes and toxins

98
Q

What are hepatocytes? What do they do?

A

Liver cells (glycogen storage)

  • Absorb oxygen, nutrients, and toxins
  • Release nutrients
  • Manufacture and secrete bile (not into blood stream)
99
Q

When the blood flows past the liver, it enters the ____

A

Hepatic Vein

100
Q

Other functions of the liver (7)

A
  1. Carb Metabolism
  2. Lipid Metabolism
  3. Protein Metabolism
  4. Drug and Hormone Processing
  5. Bilirubin Elimination
  6. Vitamin and Mineral Storage
  7. Vitamin D Activation
101
Q

Liver’s affect on Carb Metabolism

A
  • Low Blood Sugar: hepatocytes break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood
  • High Blood Sugar: Remove glucose and store as glycogen and fat
  • Can convert amino acid, lactic acid and other sugars into glucose
102
Q

Liver’s affect on Lipid Metabolism

A

Hepatocytes store fat, break it down (ATP) and make cholesterol

103
Q

Liver’s affect on Protein Metabolism

A
  • Makes amino acids available for energy
  • Convert amino acids into carbs of fats
  • Synthesize most plasma proteins
104
Q

Liver’s affect on Drug and Hormone Processing

A

Detoxifies/inactivates substances

105
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

End product of the break down of RBCs.

Has yellow pigment–Jaundice

106
Q

Structure and location of gallbladder

A

Pear shaped, posterior surface of liver

107
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Stores and concetrates bile –break down fats

108
Q

What is bile? What is its function?

A
  • Yellow/brown/olive liquid
  • Made by hepatocytes
  • Collects into larger and larger vessels
  • Break down of fats
109
Q

What is the term for breaking down

A

Emulsification

110
Q

4 Regions of the large intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
  4. Anal Canal
111
Q

Functions of Large Intestine

A
  1. Completion of absorption
  2. Vitamin K production (blood clotting processes)
  3. Formation/elimination of feces
112
Q

Small pouch attached to the ileocecal valve

A

Cecum

113
Q

What is attached to the Cecum?

A

Appendix

114
Q

Contents move from the Cecum to the ____

A

Colon

115
Q

4 Divisions of the Colon

A
  1. Ascending (to hepatic flexure)
  2. Transverse (to spleen flexure)
  3. Descending (to left iliac crest)
  4. Sigmoid (to the rectum at ~S3)
116
Q

What happens when food accumulates in the Colon?

A
  • Fills haustra
  • Stimulates smooth muscle contraction
  • Food moves to next haustra
117
Q

Mass peristalsis moves meal from the transverse colon to the ______

A

Rectum

118
Q

Travels inferiorly to the anal canal

A

Rectum

119
Q

Terminal portion of the large intestine

A

Anal canal

120
Q

How is elimination controlled?

A

Internal Anal Sphincter: involuntary

External Anal Sphincter: voluntary

121
Q

What is the defecation reflex?

A

Distension of the rectum ultimately gives the urge to go, relaxes internal anal sphincter

122
Q

Divisions of the GI tract

A

Upper GI: mouth, pharynx, stomach, duodenum

Lower GI: most of the intestines and the anus

123
Q

3 Overlapping Phases of Digestion

A
  1. Cephalic
  2. Gastric
  3. Intestinal
124
Q

Cephalic Phase of Digestion

A

Thought, smell, sight, and initial taste of food activates NS
-Salivary glands and gastric glands are stimulated to prepare mouth and stomach for digestion

125
Q

Once food reaches the stomach, it is the _____ phase of digestion

A

Gastric Phase

126
Q

Changes during Gastric Phase of Digestion

A
  1. Stretch receptors stimulated by stomach change shape

2. Chemo receptors are stimulated by stomach pH change

127
Q

What do the changes in the Gastric Phase of Digestion do?

A
  • Increase peristalsis and gastric juice production

- Stimulate gastrin release (G-cells)

128
Q

Explain the Gastric Phase after the stomach.

A
  • Chyme through pyloric sphincter into duodenum
  • Decreases stomach volume–removes stretch receptor stimulus
  • Stomach more acidic
  • decreased stretch receptors and normalizing pH removes some stimulus for gastrin release
129
Q

What happens in the Intestinal Phase?

A

Chyme in duodenum causes enteroendocrine cells to release hormones

130
Q

What are the hormones secreted in the Intestinal Phase

A
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)

- Secretin

131
Q

What are the affects of the hormones secreted in the Intestinal Phase?

A
  1. Stimulates gallbladder to eject bile into duodenum (CCK)
  2. Secretin decrease gastric juice production (CCK/secretin)
  3. Slow food coming through the pyloric valve (CCK/secretin)
  4. Increase pancreatic juice secretion (CCK/secretin)

Phys Test 3 & 4 (4 decks)

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