Circulatory System: Lymphatic and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Drainage of interstitial fluid
  2. Transport of lipids (from digestive system)
  3. Protection and immune responses
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2
Q

Structures of the Lymphatic System

A
  1. Lymph (fluid of the system)
  2. Lymphatic Vessels (transport fluid)
  3. Structure and organs that contain lymph tissue
  4. Red bone marrow (BCs develop)
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3
Q

What is lymph?

A

It is the excess filtered fluid of plasma and solutes

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4
Q

Where does lymph come from?

A

From blood from the capillaries, into the interstitial space–> then drains into lymphatic system

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5
Q

How do proteins that leak out of the blood return to circulation?

A

Via the lymphatics

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6
Q

What are the steps of lymphatic flow?

A

Capillaries–> Lymphatic Vessels–> Trunks –> Ducts

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7
Q

Structure of Lymphatic Capillaries

A
  • Begin in the spaces between cells
  • Closed at one end
  • High permeability
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8
Q

How is fluid allowed into the capillaries and not out?

A

Endothelium overlap, pressure drives interstitial fluid in

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9
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge into ____

A

Larger vessels called lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

What do lymphatic vessels to help move lymph along?

A

One way valves (little smooth muscle component)

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11
Q

At regular intervals, lymph passes through ___

A

Lymph nodes

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12
Q

Structure of Lymph Nodes

A
  • Clusters of lymphocytes (B cells/T cells), surrounded by a dense CT capsule
  • Bean shaped
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13
Q

Function of Lymph Nodes

A

Lymph Filtration

Lymph flows in, foreign substances trapped and destroyed

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14
Q

Larger Lymphatic Vessels merge into ___

A

Trunks

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15
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

A
  1. Thoracic Duct

2. Right Lymphatic Duct

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16
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain and where?

A

-Left side of the head/neck
-Left side of the body
-Entire body below ribs
Drains into Left Subclavian Vein

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17
Q

What doest the right lymphatic duct drain and where?

A

-Right side of head/neck
-Right side of chest
Drains into Right Subclavian Vein

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18
Q

Lymphatic Flow:

A
  • Blood Capillaries (Blood)
  • Interstitial Space (Interstitial Fluid)
  • Lymphatic Capillaries (Lymph)
  • Lymphatic Vessels (Lymph)
  • Lymphatic Ducts (Lymph)
  • Subclavian Veins (Blood)
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19
Q

What is Lymphatic Flow maintained by?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle Pump
  2. Diaphragmatic Breathing/Respiratory Pump
  3. Smooth Muscle Contraction (minimal)
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20
Q

Lymphatic Organs

A
  1. Red Marrow
  2. Thymus
  3. Spleen
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21
Q

Produces B cells and immature T cells

A

Red Marrow

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22
Q

Produce mature T cells from pre-T cells

A

Thymus

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23
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Mediastinum

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24
Q

How is the thymus at birth, what happens to it as we age?

A

Large, atrophies with maturity

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25
Q

Filters blood, removes ruptured, worn out, defective RBCs and stores platelets and monocytes

A

Spleen

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26
Q

Spleen’s structure and location.

A

Large mass of lymphatic tissue between stomach and diaphragm

27
Q

What are the two divisions of the Immune System?

A
  1. Non-specific defences

2. Specific Defences

28
Q

Rapid response. No memory component. Reacts to all invaders the same.

A

Non-specific Defences

29
Q

Three examples of Non-Specific Defences

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous Membrane
  3. Body Fluid
30
Q

Fives examples of Specific Defences

A
  1. Antimicrobial Proteins
  2. Natural Killer Cells
  3. Phagocytes (fixed and wandering)
  4. Inflammation
  5. Fever
31
Q

Specific Defences A.k.a

A

Immunity!

32
Q

Substances that are recognized as foreign and elicit an immune response

A

Antigen

33
Q

In specific responses, antigens/invaders are..

A
  1. Identified
  2. Killed
  3. Remembered
34
Q

2 Types of Specific Responses

A
  1. Cell Mediated (T-Cells)

2. Antibody Mediated (B-Cells)

35
Q

Effective against fungi, parasites, viruses, some cancer cells, foreign tissue

A

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

36
Q

What do T-Cells do when an invader is recognized?

A
  1. Activate
  2. Enlarge
  3. Proliferate (make more of themselves)
  4. Differentiate
37
Q

What do T-Cells differentiate into?

A
  1. Helper T-Cells
  2. Cytotoxic T-Cells
  3. Memory T-Cells
38
Q

Help facilitate immune response (trigger proliferation, other immune responses)

A

Helper T-Cells

39
Q

Migrate to site and destroy invader

A

Cytotoxic T-Cells

40
Q

(T-Cell) Remain after response, don’t attack, record who attacked for future

A

Memory T-Cells

41
Q

Effective against antigens in body fluids, extracellular pathogens (bacteria)

A

Antibody-Mediated Immune Response

42
Q

What do B-Cells do when an invader is recognized?

A
  1. Activate
  2. Enlarge
  3. Differentiate
43
Q

What do B-Cells differentiate into?

A
  1. Plasma Cells

2. Memory B-Cells

44
Q

B-Cell that secretes antibodies

A

Plasma Cells

45
Q

(B-Cell) Remain after response, don’t attack, remember invader

A

Memory B-Cells

46
Q

Antibody’s A.k.a

A

Immunoglobulins

47
Q

Proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen

A

Antibodys

48
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Neutralize, inhibit, or destroy the antigen

49
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

50
Q

Most common antibody class

A

IgG

51
Q

Found in blood, lymph, intestines

A

IgG

52
Q

Found in sweat, tears, saliva, mucous, breast milk, GI

A

IgA

53
Q

Found in blood, lymph

A

IgM

54
Q

Found in blood

A

IgE, IgD

55
Q

Protect against bacteria, viruses. Cross the placenta to confer immunity to the newborn

A

IgG

56
Q

Levels decrease during stress

A

IgA

57
Q

Part of blood transfusion reactions

A

IgM

58
Q

Involved in allergic, hypersensitivity reactions, protect against parasitic worms

A

IgE

59
Q

Help activate B-cells

A

IgD

60
Q

Following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition (Bs/Ts) lead to formation of antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic Tcells, and B/T memory cells

A

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

61
Q

IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across placenta, or IgA antibodies are transferred from mother to baby in milk during breastfeeding

A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

62
Q

Antigens introduced during vaccination stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses, leading to production of memory cells.

A

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

63
Q

Intravenous injections of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

Artificially Required Passive Immunity

64
Q

Aging and the Immune System (5)

A
  1. Increase susceptibility to infections and malignancies
  2. Responses to vaccines is decreased
  3. More autoantibodies are produced
  4. Lower level of immune function
  5. Ts and Bs are less responsive