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Phys Test 3 & 4 > Circulatory System: Lymphatic and Immunity > Flashcards

Circulatory System: Lymphatic and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Drainage of interstitial fluid
  2. Transport of lipids (from digestive system)
  3. Protection and immune responses
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2
Q

Structures of the Lymphatic System

A
  1. Lymph (fluid of the system)
  2. Lymphatic Vessels (transport fluid)
  3. Structure and organs that contain lymph tissue
  4. Red bone marrow (BCs develop)
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3
Q

What is lymph?

A

It is the excess filtered fluid of plasma and solutes

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4
Q

Where does lymph come from?

A

From blood from the capillaries, into the interstitial space–> then drains into lymphatic system

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5
Q

How do proteins that leak out of the blood return to circulation?

A

Via the lymphatics

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6
Q

What are the steps of lymphatic flow?

A

Capillaries–> Lymphatic Vessels–> Trunks –> Ducts

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7
Q

Structure of Lymphatic Capillaries

A
  • Begin in the spaces between cells
  • Closed at one end
  • High permeability
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8
Q

How is fluid allowed into the capillaries and not out?

A

Endothelium overlap, pressure drives interstitial fluid in

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9
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge into ____

A

Larger vessels called lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

What do lymphatic vessels to help move lymph along?

A

One way valves (little smooth muscle component)

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11
Q

At regular intervals, lymph passes through ___

A

Lymph nodes

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12
Q

Structure of Lymph Nodes

A
  • Clusters of lymphocytes (B cells/T cells), surrounded by a dense CT capsule
  • Bean shaped
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13
Q

Function of Lymph Nodes

A

Lymph Filtration

Lymph flows in, foreign substances trapped and destroyed

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14
Q

Larger Lymphatic Vessels merge into ___

A

Trunks

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15
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

A
  1. Thoracic Duct

2. Right Lymphatic Duct

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16
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain and where?

A

-Left side of the head/neck
-Left side of the body
-Entire body below ribs
Drains into Left Subclavian Vein

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17
Q

What doest the right lymphatic duct drain and where?

A

-Right side of head/neck
-Right side of chest
Drains into Right Subclavian Vein

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18
Q

Lymphatic Flow:

A
  • Blood Capillaries (Blood)
  • Interstitial Space (Interstitial Fluid)
  • Lymphatic Capillaries (Lymph)
  • Lymphatic Vessels (Lymph)
  • Lymphatic Ducts (Lymph)
  • Subclavian Veins (Blood)
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19
Q

What is Lymphatic Flow maintained by?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle Pump
  2. Diaphragmatic Breathing/Respiratory Pump
  3. Smooth Muscle Contraction (minimal)
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20
Q

Lymphatic Organs

A
  1. Red Marrow
  2. Thymus
  3. Spleen
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21
Q

Produces B cells and immature T cells

A

Red Marrow

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22
Q

Produce mature T cells from pre-T cells

A

Thymus

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23
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Mediastinum

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24
Q

How is the thymus at birth, what happens to it as we age?

A

Large, atrophies with maturity

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25
Q

Filters blood, removes ruptured, worn out, defective RBCs and stores platelets and monocytes

A

Spleen

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26
Q

Spleen’s structure and location.

A

Large mass of lymphatic tissue between stomach and diaphragm

27
Q

What are the two divisions of the Immune System?

A
  1. Non-specific defences

2. Specific Defences

28
Q

Rapid response. No memory component. Reacts to all invaders the same.

A

Non-specific Defences

29
Q

Three examples of Non-Specific Defences

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous Membrane
  3. Body Fluid
30
Q

Fives examples of Specific Defences

A
  1. Antimicrobial Proteins
  2. Natural Killer Cells
  3. Phagocytes (fixed and wandering)
  4. Inflammation
  5. Fever
31
Q

Specific Defences A.k.a

A

Immunity!

32
Q

Substances that are recognized as foreign and elicit an immune response

A

Antigen

33
Q

In specific responses, antigens/invaders are..

A
  1. Identified
  2. Killed
  3. Remembered
34
Q

2 Types of Specific Responses

A
  1. Cell Mediated (T-Cells)

2. Antibody Mediated (B-Cells)

35
Q

Effective against fungi, parasites, viruses, some cancer cells, foreign tissue

A

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

36
Q

What do T-Cells do when an invader is recognized?

A
  1. Activate
  2. Enlarge
  3. Proliferate (make more of themselves)
  4. Differentiate
37
Q

What do T-Cells differentiate into?

A
  1. Helper T-Cells
  2. Cytotoxic T-Cells
  3. Memory T-Cells
38
Q

Help facilitate immune response (trigger proliferation, other immune responses)

A

Helper T-Cells

39
Q

Migrate to site and destroy invader

A

Cytotoxic T-Cells

40
Q

(T-Cell) Remain after response, don’t attack, record who attacked for future

A

Memory T-Cells

41
Q

Effective against antigens in body fluids, extracellular pathogens (bacteria)

A

Antibody-Mediated Immune Response

42
Q

What do B-Cells do when an invader is recognized?

A
  1. Activate
  2. Enlarge
  3. Differentiate
43
Q

What do B-Cells differentiate into?

A
  1. Plasma Cells

2. Memory B-Cells

44
Q

B-Cell that secretes antibodies

A

Plasma Cells

45
Q

(B-Cell) Remain after response, don’t attack, remember invader

A

Memory B-Cells

46
Q

Antibody’s A.k.a

A

Immunoglobulins

47
Q

Proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen

A

Antibodys

48
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Neutralize, inhibit, or destroy the antigen

49
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

50
Q

Most common antibody class

A

IgG

51
Q

Found in blood, lymph, intestines

A

IgG

52
Q

Found in sweat, tears, saliva, mucous, breast milk, GI

A

IgA

53
Q

Found in blood, lymph

A

IgM

54
Q

Found in blood

A

IgE, IgD

55
Q

Protect against bacteria, viruses. Cross the placenta to confer immunity to the newborn

A

IgG

56
Q

Levels decrease during stress

A

IgA

57
Q

Part of blood transfusion reactions

A

IgM

58
Q

Involved in allergic, hypersensitivity reactions, protect against parasitic worms

A

IgE

59
Q

Help activate B-cells

A

IgD

60
Q

Following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition (Bs/Ts) lead to formation of antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic Tcells, and B/T memory cells

A

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

61
Q

IgG antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across placenta, or IgA antibodies are transferred from mother to baby in milk during breastfeeding

A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

62
Q

Antigens introduced during vaccination stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses, leading to production of memory cells.

A

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

63
Q

Intravenous injections of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

Artificially Required Passive Immunity

64
Q

Aging and the Immune System (5)

A
  1. Increase susceptibility to infections and malignancies
  2. Responses to vaccines is decreased
  3. More autoantibodies are produced
  4. Lower level of immune function
  5. Ts and Bs are less responsive

Phys Test 3 & 4 (4 decks)

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