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Phys Test 3 & 4 > Circulatory System: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Circulatory System: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two branches if the circulatory system

A
  1. Cardiovascular

2. Lymphatic

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2
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A 
1. Transportation 
(Nutrients, wastes, hormones)
2. Immunity and Protection
(Clotting, disease/infection)
3. Regulation
(pH, body temperature, fluid levels)
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3
Q

Structures of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Blood
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4
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A
  • Roughly sized of closed fist
  • Sits almost in the middle of chest in the mediastinum
  • 2/3rds of its mass is on the left
  • Attached to diaphragm inferiorly
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5
Q

Functions of the heart

A

Pump, adaptation to changes, homeostasis

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6
Q

What are the inferior and superior portions of the heart called?

A

Inferior: Apex
Superior: Base

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7
Q

A mass of organs and tissues that separates the lungs boundaries

A

Mediastinum

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8
Q

Mediastinum boundaries

A

Superiorly: 1st Rib
Inferiorly: Diaphragm
Anteriorly: Sternum
Posteriorly: Vertebral Column

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9
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A
  • Heart and its large vessels
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Thymus and Lymph Nodes
  • Connective Tissue
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10
Q

CT membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

Two parts of the pericardium

A
  1. Fibrous Pericardium

2. Serous Pericardium

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12
Q

Structure of the Fibrous Pericardium

A
  • Most superficial

- Tough, inelastic, dense irregular CT

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13
Q

How does the Fibrous Pericardium attach?

A
  • Diaphragm inferiorly

- To CT of the blood vessels superiorly

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14
Q

What does the fibrous pericardium do?

A

Holds heart in the mediastinum and allows for movement

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15
Q

Structure of the Serous Pericardium

A
  • Thinner, deep to fibrous

- Forms a double layer around the heart

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16
Q

Inner/outer layer of serous pericardium

A

Inner: Visceral Layer
Outer: Parietal Layer

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17
Q

Where is the Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

A

Fused to fibrous pericardium

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18
Q

Where is the Visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

Attached to the heart muscle

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19
Q

Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium A.k.a

A

Epicardium

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20
Q

The space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium. Filled with what, for what?

A

Pericardial Cavity

Filled with pericardial fluid to reduce friction

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21
Q

3 Heart Wall Layers

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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22
Q

Epicardium A.k.a

A

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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23
Q

Describe epicardium

A

Simple squamous epithelium and CT

-Gives outer surface a smooth, slippery texture

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24
Q

Describe myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

-Site of contraction

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25
Q

Describe endocardium

A

Endothelium overlying a thin layer of CT

-Provides a smooth lining for the chambers and valves of the heart

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26
Q

The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

A

Endothelium

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27
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

2 Atria, 2 Ventricles

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28
Q

Superior heart chambers

A

Atria

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29
Q

Receive blood from veins returning to the heart

A

Atria

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30
Q

Inferior heart chambers

A

Ventricles

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31
Q

Receive and eject out into arteries

A

Ventricles

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32
Q

Where do ventricles get their blood?

A

Atria

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33
Q

A dividing wall

A

Septa, sing septum

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34
Q

Dividing wall of the 2 atria

A

Interatrial Septum

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35
Q

Dividing wall of the 2 ventricles

A

Interventricular Septum

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36
Q

Carry blood towards heart

A

Veins

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37
Q

Carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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38
Q

The right atrium receives blood from three veins. Name them

A
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Inferior Vena Cava
  3. Coronary Sinus
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39
Q

Blood passes from the right atrium through to the right ventricle. How?

A

Through the right atrioventricular (AV) valve

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40
Q

Right Atrioventricular valve A.k.a

A

Tricuspid Valve

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41
Q

The cusps of the Tricuspid valve are connected by ______ called _____.

A

Tendon-like cords called Chordae Tendineae

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42
Q

Chordae Tendineae are anchored to the ventricular wall by _______.

A

Papillary Muscles

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43
Q

Blood is ejected from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk through which valve?

A

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

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44
Q

Pulmonary trunk divides into..

A

Left and right pulmonary arteries

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45
Q

Left atrium receives blood from ____.

A

4 Pulmonary veins

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46
Q

Blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle through which valve?

A

Left Atrioventricular valve (AV)

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47
Q

Left Atrioventricular Valve A.k.a

A

Bicuspid valve, mitral valve

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48
Q

Which is the thickest chamber of the heart

A

Left Ventricle

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49
Q

Cusps of the bicuspid valve are connected by..

A

Tendon-like cords called chordae tenineae (same as tricuspid valve)

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50
Q

Blood is ejected by the left ventricle through ____valve into the ____.

A

Aortic semilunar valve, Aorta

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51
Q

Where does the blood in the aorta flow?

A
  • Around the body

- Some into coronary arteries, which supplies heart with oxygen-rich blood

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52
Q

What happens in a Atrioventricular Valve opening/closing?

A
  • blood into atria, increases pressure
  • pressure opens valves
  • blood into ventricles, decrease pressure
  • decrease pressure closes valves
  • papillary muscles contract prevent valves forced open the wrong way
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53
Q

Pulmonary and Semilunar Semilunar Valves opening/closing

A
  • ventricles contract, blood in, increase pressure
  • pressure closes AV valves, opens pulmonary/aortic valves
  • blood into arteries (pulmonary, aorta)
  • ventricles relax, blood in arteries flows back to heart
  • fills cusps of semilunar valves, they close
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54
Q

What are the “lub-dup” sounds of the heart?

A

“Lub”: blood turbulence associated with closing of AV valves

“Dub”: blood turbulence with closing semilunar valves

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55
Q

Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation happen on which sides of the heart?

A

Pulmonary: Right Side
Systemic: Left Side

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56
Q

What happens in pulmonary circulation?

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood returns from body tissue, enters right atrium
  2. Pumped into right ventricle, blood into pulmonary arteries
  3. Arteries take blood to lungs to clear CO2 and pick up O2
  4. Oxygenated blood returns to heart (pulmonary veins) and enters left atrium
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57
Q

What happens in systemic circulation?

A
  1. Oxygenated blood returns from lungs, enters left atrium
  2. Blood pumped into left ventricle
  3. Eject blood into aorta and out into body tissue
  4. Tissues use O2 and release CO2, makes its way to right atrium (now deoxygenated)
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58
Q

What is coronary circulation? How does it happen?

A

Heart’s supply of blood circulation

  1. Coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and encircle heart
  2. Heart gets blood between beats.
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59
Q

Specialized cardiac muscles that generate their own APs

A

Autorhythmic fibres

-Self excitable!

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60
Q

What do Autorhythmic Fibres do?

A
  1. Set rhythm of APs that cause contraction

2. Form a conduction system

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61
Q

What is the Conduction System?

A

Pathway along which APs progress through the heart

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62
Q

APs propagate through the conduction system in a specific sequence:

A
  1. SA node
  2. Atria
  3. AV node
  4. Bundle of His
  5. Bundle Branches
  6. Purkinje Fibres
  7. Ventricles
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63
Q

Where is the SA (sinoatrial node) found?

A

Right atrial wall

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64
Q

The SA node repeatedly generates APs, which propagate through the atria via ______ causing atrial contraction and ejection of blood in the ventricles

A

Gap Junctions

65
Q

APs travel throughout the atria and reach…

A

The AV node

66
Q

From the AV nodes, the APs enter _________. (A.k.a ______)

A

Bundle of His (Atrioventricular Bundle)

67
Q

After the Bundle of His, the APs conduct along _________.

A

Right and left bundle branches

68
Q

Where do the bundle branches extend from?

A

Along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart

69
Q

From the Bundle branches, where does the APs go next?

A

Purkinje Fibres

70
Q

What do the Purkinje fibres do?

A

Quickly conduct APs upward through the ventricles causing ventricular contraction and ejection of blood into the arteries

71
Q

What do you use to identify problems in the APs moving through the heart based on shape and timing of the tracing?

A

Electrocardiogram

72
Q

All events associated with one heart beat

A

Cardiac Cycle

73
Q

Contraction phase

74
Q

Relaxation phase

75
Q

What happens in each cardiac cycle?

A

Atria and ventricles alternatively contract pushing blood through the chambers of the heart/out of the heart

76
Q

The amount of blood the heart ejects each minute

A

Cardiac Output

77
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats in 1 minute

78
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each beat

79
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

80
Q

Average HR, SV, and CO

A

HR: 72bpm
SV: 70mL
CO: ~ 5L/min

81
Q

Factors that affect heart rate.

A
  1. ANS (parasympathetic/sympathetic)
  2. Hormones/Ions (endocrine system)
  3. Other (age, sex, fitness level, body temp)
82
Q

Based on input to the control centre (______), increases or decreases frequencies of APs. When increase/decrease?

A

Control centre: limbic, cerebral cortex
Increase SyNS: increase HR
Increase PaNS: decrease HR

83
Q

Which hormones increase HR and contractility?

A
  1. Epinephrine/norepinephrine

2. Thyroid Hormones

84
Q

Which ions are needed for normal Aps. If there is elevated blood levels, what do they do?

A

Sodium and Potassium

Decrease HR

85
Q

Which ion increases HR and contractility?

A

Elevated levels of calcium

86
Q

What three factors affect stroke volume?

A
  1. Preload
  2. Contractility
  3. Afterload
87
Q

The degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts

88
Q

What is Frank-Starling Law?

A

Greater stretch = Stronger Contraction

89
Q

The amount of stretch is proportional to the volume of blood that fills the ventricles at _______

A

the end of diastole (end diastolic volume, EDV)

90
Q

EDV is affected by:

A
  1. Duration of ventricular diastole

2. Venous return

91
Q

The strength of contraction at any given preload

A

Contractility

92
Q

Factors that increase contraction strength

A
  1. SyNS activation
  2. Hormones (adrenaline, epinephrin)
  3. Medication
93
Q

Factors that decrease contraction strength

A
  1. Decreased SyNS activation
  2. Chemical Imbalances
  3. Medications
94
Q

Ejection of blood from the heart begins when ventricular pressure > vessel pressure

95
Q

Factors that increase afterload

A
  1. Hypertension (high blood pressure)

2. Narrowing of arteries by atherosclerosis

96
Q

Carries blood away from the heart. What are their structure?

A

Arteries, Large elastic

97
Q

Muscular arteries divide into smaller arteries, which then divide into smaller ________. (A.k.a)

A

Arterioles (resistance vessels)

98
Q

As arterioles enter the tissue, they divide into ____ (a.ka.)

A

Capillaries (Exchange Vessels)

99
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Exchange gasses & nutrients, between blood and the tissue

100
Q

Carry blood to the heart

A

Venous System

101
Q

Capillaries within tissue reunite to form ____.

102
Q

Venules merge into progressively larger ___, which merge into ______.

A

Veins, Vena Cava

103
Q

BVs (except capillaries) have the same three layered arrangement surrounding the lumen. What are the layers called?

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa
104
Q

Inner layer. What is its structure?

A

Tunica Intima

Simple squamous epithelium (called endothelium) and a CT basement membrane

105
Q

Middle Layer. What is its structure?

A

Tunica Media

Contains elastic fibres and smooth muscles

106
Q

Outer Layer. What is its structure?

A

Tunica Externa

Elastic and collagen fibres

107
Q

What is the role of Tunica Externa?

A

Supports BVs and anchors them to surrounding structures

108
Q

A decrease in lumen size

A

Vasoconstriction

109
Q

An increase in lumen size

A

Vasodilation

110
Q

Stretch to accomodate blood flow, especially under pressure. Recoil, which pushes blood forward

111
Q

Blood flow regulator. Substantial ability to constrict or dilate the vessel

A

Arterioles

112
Q

Because of their ability to constrict and dilate the BV, what do arterioles have a significant affect on?

A

Blood Pressure

113
Q

Microcirculation. Found near almost every cell in the body.

A

Capillaries

114
Q

What is the structure and function of capillaries?

A

Single layer of endothelium and a basement membrane

Nutrient and gas exchange

115
Q

Blood flow from capillaries to veins

116
Q

Not designed to withstand high pressure. Transport blood to heart.

117
Q

Structure of veins

A

Little smooth muscle and less elastic CT

118
Q

Because venous return is working against gravity, it needs help moving blood. What helps it?

A
  • One-way valves to prevent backflow

- Skeletal muscle contractions (called Milking)

119
Q

What makes up blood? What is its average temp and PH?

A

Fluid (55%) and cells (45%)

38`c, PH 7.4

120
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation (nutrients, wastes, heat, hormones)
  2. Regulation (pH, body temp, fluid levels)
  3. Protection (vs blood loss, foreign invaders)
121
Q

Fluid matrix of blood

122
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Dissolved substances (nutrients, wastes, hormones)

123
Q

What are the three plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
124
Q

Transport Protein of plasma

125
Q

Some are transport proteins, some are involved in immune response (plasma)

126
Q

Essential plasma protein for blood clotting

A

Fibrinogen

127
Q

What are the blood cells?

A
  1. Red Blood cells (RBS, erythrocytes)
  2. White Blood cells (WBC, leukocytes)
  3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
128
Q

What do Erythrocytes contain. What does it do?

A

Hemoglobin

  • oxygen carrying protein
  • a pigment that gives blood its red colour
129
Q

How long do erythrocytes live?

A

~120 days because no nucleus

130
Q

The formation of RBCs

A

Hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)

131
Q

The % of blood volume occupied by RBCs

A

Hematocrit

132
Q

Lower than normal hematocrit

133
Q

Higher than normal hematocrit

A

Polycythemia

134
Q

Functions of leukocytes

A
  1. Fight of foreign invaders
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Immune Response
135
Q

Two types of WBCs

A
  1. Granular

2. Agranular

136
Q

Granular WBCs and their function

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
137
Q

Neutrophiles A.k.a

A

polymorphonuclears

138
Q

Most common, found in phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

139
Q

Function in allergic reactions, parasitic infection

A

Eosinophils

140
Q

Function in stress and allergic responses

141
Q

Agranular Cells

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

142
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B lymphocytes
  2. T lymphocytes
  3. Natural killer cells
143
Q

Increase WBC count

A

Leukocytosis

144
Q

Decreased WBC count

A

Leukopenia

145
Q

Help stop bleeding/contain substances to promote clotting

146
Q

How long do platelets live

147
Q

How does blood flow?

A

From areas of high pressure to low pressure

148
Q

Which contraction generates BP?

A

Ventricular contraction

149
Q

The highest arterial pressure during ventricular systole

A

Systolic BP

150
Q

The lowest arterial pressure during ventricular diastole

A

Diastolic BP

151
Q

Progressing farther from the left ventricle, what happens to BP?

152
Q

The average blood pressure in the arteries

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

153
Q

BP is affected by:

A
  1. Cardiac Output
  2. Blood Volume
  3. Vascular Resistance
154
Q

Increase in Cardiac Output means _____

A

Increase in Mean Arterial Pressure

155
Q

Significant increase in blood volume means ____

A

Increase in BP

156
Q

Decreased lumen size means____

A

Increase BP

157
Q

Increase viscosity means _____

A

Increase BP

158
Q

Longer total vessel length means _____

A

Increase BP

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