Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HISTO - Exam 2 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the portion of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting and respiratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of the conducting portion?

A

Deliver air to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of the respiratory portion?

A

Site of oxygen/CO2 exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structures make up the conducting portion?

A

Nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of tissue is present in the vestibule?

A

Anterior: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Poster: pseudostratified columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Short hairs present in the vestibule that filter out large particles

A

Vibrissae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of glands are present in the vascular lamina propia of the vestibule?

A

seromucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium located?

A

Roof of nasal cavity, sides of nasal septum, superior nasal conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of neurons are olfactory cells?

A

bipolar nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the lifespan of an olfactory cell?

A

30-60 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the structure of olfactory cilia.

A
  • Very long, nonmotile, extend over olfactory epithelium surface
  • Proximal 1/3: 9x2 + 2
  • Distal 2/3: 9x1 + 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nostril openings

A

nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of cells are present in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory, sustentacular, basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary role of olfactory cilia?

A

Function as odor receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cells provide physical and metabolic support to olfactory cells?

A

Sustentacular (supporting) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the basic structural features of a sustentacular cell.

A
  • Apically located nucleus
  • Many microvilli
  • Prominent terminal web
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of basal cells?

A

Regenerative (stem) cell for other cells in olfactory epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Produces thick, watery secretion that is released on the olfactory epithelium via ducts.

A

Bowman’s glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the functions of secretions from Bowman’s glands?

A

1) Oderous substances dissolved in secretions detected by olfactory cilia
2) Secretions flush surface & prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Posterior continuation of nasal cavities.

A

Nasopharnyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the nasopharynx become at the level of the soft palate?

A

Oropharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Connects pharynx w/ trachea

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In the larynx what structures are supported by hyaline cartilage?

A

Thyroid, cricoid, and lower part of arytenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the larynx what structures are supported by elastic cartilage?

A

Epiglottis, corniculate, and tips of arytenoids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What structures are contained within the walls of the larynx?

A

Striated muscle, connective tissue, glands

26
Q

What makes up the vocal cords?

A

Skeletal muscle (vocalis), vocal ligament (band of elastic fibers), covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

27
Q

Folds of loose connective tissue containing glands, lymphoid aggregations, and fat cells. Covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium.

A

Vestibular folds

28
Q

Shape of cartilage in trachea

A

C-shaped (incomplete ring with opening end facing posteriorly)

29
Q

Tissue between ends of tracheal C-ring

A

Smooth muscle (trachealis)

30
Q

Type of tissue between adjacent C-rings that allows trachea to lengthen during during inhalation.

A

Dense fibroelastic connective tissue

31
Q

What makes up the mucosal layer in the trachea?

A

Epithelium & lamina propria

32
Q

State the structural hierarchy in the respiratory system (both conducting and respiratory portions).

A

Trachea > extrapulmonary bronchus > intrapulmonary bronchus > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar duct > alveolar sac > alveolus

33
Q

What separates the lamina propria from the submucosa in the trachea?

A

layer of poorly defined elastic membrane

34
Q

Tissue type in the trachea

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

35
Q

Columnar cell with blunt microvilli on surface. Basal portion may be in contact with afferent nerve ending.

A

Brush cell

36
Q

Contains catecholamines and other polypeptide hormones. A member of the diffuse endocrine system.

A

Small granule cell (AKA bronchial cell of Kulchitsky)

37
Q

Reserve stem cell for epithelium

A

Basal cell

38
Q

List the five layers of bronchi (beginning with the layer that is proximal to the bronchial lumen)

A

Mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia

Mnemonic: Dr. Walker gives - Major Medical School Curriculum Advice

39
Q

Type of cartilage in primary bronchi

A

irregular cartilage plates (hyaline cartilage)

40
Q

Cartilage type in primary and terminal bronchioles

A

No cartilage. Smooth muscle rather than cartilage plates.

41
Q

The most distal part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system.

A

Terminal bronchioles

42
Q

What is the function of clara cells?

A
  • Secrete glycosaminoglycans (which protect bronchiolar lining)
  • Metabolize airborne toxins: cytochrome P450 in sER
43
Q

What is the tissue type of respiratory bronchioles and what cells are present here?

A

Simple cuboidal lining - clara cells, some ciliated cells proximally, few brush and dense-core granule cells

44
Q

What is the most distal portion of the respiratory system to contain smooth muscle?

A

alveolar ducts

45
Q

What is the function of alveolar pores?

A

Pressure equalization between alveoli

46
Q

What cell type covers 95% of alveolar surface?

A

Type I pneumocytes

47
Q

What type of cells produce surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes (cuboidal)

48
Q

What is a cytoplasmic lamellar body? What type of cells are lamellar bodies found in?

A

A storage inclusion for pulmonary surfactant, Type II alveolar cells

49
Q

What are the components of pulmonary surfactant?

A

SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D, and phospholipid DPPC

50
Q

What causes hyaline membrane disease?

A

AKA: RDS

  • Insufficient pulmonary surfactant
  • Type II pneumocytes don’t begin making until 35th week of gestation
51
Q

What is used to treat hyaline membrane disease if it is detected prior to birth?

A

Glucocorticoids (which will induce surfactant synthesis)

52
Q

State the structure that are impaired in emphysema.

A
  • In smokers: destruction of respiratory bronchioles
  • In alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: destruction of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar walls.

In both cases the formation of cyst like sacs occurs at site of damaged structures.

53
Q

What are the physiological manifestations of emphysema?

A
  • Decreased lung elasticity - lungs don’t recoil properly

- Lung eventual expand causing barrel chest

54
Q

What is the role of alpha1-antitrypsin?

A

Protein that protects lungs from elastase (which will destroy alveolar walls if not inhibited by alpha1-antitrypsin)

55
Q

What cells are responsible for producing elastase?

A

Neutrophils

56
Q

Explain the sequence of events leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

A

1) Endotoxin introduced
2) Neutrophils release enzymes > damage endothelial cells
3) Alveolar-capillary barrier permeable > fluid enters
4) Type 1 alveolar cells die
5) Neutrophils and macrophages present in interstitium
6) Fibrin and cell debris accumulate, form hyaline membrane
7) Fibrin inhibits synthesis of surfactant by type II alveolar cells
8) Repair or fibrosis

57
Q

Causes for pulmonary edema?

A
  • Left ventricular dysfunction

- destruction of endothelial lining (endotoxin, trauma, etc)

58
Q

What is used to treat asthma?

A

epinephrine & isoproterenol (or other bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants)

59
Q

What produces difficult air expiration associated with asthma?

A

Constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle

60
Q

What is the molecular etiology of cystic fibrosis?

A

Dysfunctional CFTR (Chloride transporter)

61
Q

What layer “seals” the lung?

A

Visceral pleura

62
Q

What is the role of a brush cell?

A

receptor cell (may be in contact with afferent neuron)

HISTO - Exam 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions