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HISTO - Exam 2 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

List the layers of the skin.

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous)

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2
Q

How long does a keratinocyte require to mature?

A

25-50 days

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3
Q

List the epidermal layers (deep to superficial).

A 
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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4
Q

Locations of thick skin

A

palms and soles of feet

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5
Q

Locations of thin skin

A

Skin other than palms and soles of feet

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6
Q

Cell organization of stratum basale

A

single layer of columnar to cuboidal cells

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7
Q

Cell organization of stratum spinosum

A

cuboidal, polygonal, slightly flattened

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8
Q

Epidermal cell layer that accumulates fibrillar protein (cytokeratin), which aggregates to form tonofibirls.

A

Stratum spinosum

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9
Q

Cell organization in stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells

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10
Q

Epidermal layer consisting of 15-20 layers of flattened non nucleated cells filled with keratin.

A

Stratum corneum

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11
Q

Epidermal layer that possesses lipid bilayers in intercellular spaces.

A

Stratum granulosum

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12
Q

Staining features of stratum granulosum.

A

Basophilic (keratohyaline granules)

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13
Q

Epidermal layer only present in thick skin

A

Stratum lucidum

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14
Q

Staining features of stratum lucidum.

A

Thin layer of eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells, no organelles or nuclei present

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15
Q

Eleiden

A

Transformation product of keratohyaline found in stratum lucidum

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16
Q

Squames

A

dead flattened cells found in stratum corneum

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17
Q

Tonofibrils

A

keratin intermediate filaments associated with desmosomes - present in stratum basale spinosum

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18
Q

Response to epidermal injury

A

Basal cells migrate & divide to cover wound

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19
Q

Vitamin necessary for proper skin healing that aids in keratinocyte differentiation

A

Retinol (Vitamin A)

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20
Q

First degree burn extends down to ________

A

Stratum lucidum

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21
Q

Second degree burn extends down to ________

A

Stratum basale

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22
Q

Third degree burn extends into ________

A

Dermis

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23
Q

Glycolipid product in stratum granulosum that serves as a penetration barrier?

A

Acylglucoceramide

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24
Q

What is responsible for linking the cytoplasmic side of cell membranes in the stratum corneum

A

Involucrin-small proline rich protein-loricrin complex + keratin-fillagrin aggregates

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25
What protein most directly associations with multilamellar lipid?
Involucrin
26
Epidermal layer where melanocytes are found
Stratum basale
27
What enzyme is required for melanin synthesis?
Tyrosinase
28
What organelle is responsible for melanin formation?
Melanosomes (derived from Golgi)
29
Lack of _______ causes overproduction of ACTH. This leads to _______.
Cortisol (from adrenal cortex), increased skin pigmentation
30
Cause of albinism
Melanocytes do not make melanin
31
Vitiligo
depigmentation caused by destroyed/patchy melanocytes
32
How is melanin produced?
Oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihyroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosinase. Dopa is the transformed to melanin
33
Effect of Addison's disease on pigmentation
Addison's disease = lack of cortisol > increase in ACTH > hyperpigmentation
34
Origin of Langherhan's cells
Bone marrow derived - macrophage lineage
35
Unique membrane-bound, rod-like to racquet shaped granules | on Langerhan's cells
Birbeck or vermiform granules
36
Birbeck or vermiform granules
Unique membrane-bound, rod-like to racquet shaped granules | on Langerhan's cells
37
Contents of Birbeck granules
langerin (CD207) protein -necessary for antigen uptake
38
Location of Merkel's cells
Thick skin of palms and soles
39
Tactile epithelial cell associated with sensory nerve endings, also 2-point differentiation
Merkel's cells
40
Merkel's cells
Tactile epithelial cell associated with sensory nerve endings, also associated with 2-point differentiation
41
Distinguishing cytoplasmic characteristic of Merkel's cells
Small dense granules - may be related to catecholamine containing granules of neurosecretory cells
42
State the (potentially) significant relationship between polyoma virus and Merkel's cells
Polyoma virus may be associated with the development of Merkel cell carcinoma (which is rare but aggressive)
43
What is unique about the cell-to-cell interactions of Langerhan's cells
They are mobile and do not form desmosomal attachments
44
Dermal structure that integrates dermis with epidermis
Dermal papillae
45
Epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae
Epidermal/rete ridges
46
Anchoring fibrils
Collagenous fibrils extend from the basal lamina and terminate in anchoring plaques to bind the dermis to the epidermis
47
Outermost layer of loose connective tissue
Papillary layer
48
Collagenous fibrils extend from the basal lamina and terminate in anchoring plaques to bind the dermis to the epidermis
Anchoring fibrils
49
Layer of dermis composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Reticular layer
50
Structures contained in dermis
Follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands, nerves
51
Dermal layer that houses extensive capillary network
Papillary layer (functions in thermoregulation)
52
Location of Pacinian corpuscles
In hypodermis near dermis-hypodermis junction
53
Tissue composition of hypodermis
Loose CT and adipose
54
What makes up a hair root?
epidermal cells covering the dermal papilla
55
Smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle connective tissue sheath
arrector pili
56
State the layers of a hair follicle (deepest to most superficial)
Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle Internal root sheath, external root sheath, glassy membrane, connective tissue sheath
57
Layer of hair follicle consisting of fusiform, heavily keratinized cells
hair cortex
58
Cells at apex of the dermal papilla produce large vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells
Hair medulla
59
Thickened basal lamina that separates that separate hair follicle from dermis
Glassy membrane
60
Explain the role of hair follicles in wound healing.
Clonogenic keratinocyte stem cells migrate from hair follicle to epidermis
61
Approximately how many sebaceous glands are there per square cm of skin?
100 (400-600 on face, forehead, and scalp)
62
Where are sebaceous glands not found?
Palms and soles
63
What class of glands are sebaceous glands?
holicrine
64
What is sebum?
dead cells + cell contents
65
What class of glands are sweat glands?
Merocrine
66
What type of nerve fibers do sweat glands receive?
Cholinergic
67
Where is the secretory portion of sudoriferous gland located?
Deep in dermis
68
What type of cells are contained in a sudoriferous gland.
Myoepithelial Dark cells Clear cells
69
What is the function of dark cells in a sudoriferous gland?
Secrete glycoproteins
70
What is the function of clear cells in a sudoriferous gland?
Secrete H2O and electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi
71
Describe the secretion of a sudoriferous gland.
Non-viscous, little protein, contains H2O, NaCl, urea, ammonia, uric acid.
72
State where apocrine glands are located.
Axillary, areolar, and anal regions
73
What is the mechanism of secretion for apocrine sweat gland?
Merocrine (It is NOT apocrine)
74
Type of innervation to apocrine glands.
Adrenergic nerve fibers
75
Describe the secretion of an apocrine gland.
Viscous protein containing
76
What makes of a finger/toe nail?
Plates of keratinized epithelial cells.
77
Eponychium
AKA Cuticle, formed by stratum corneum
78
Liver spots
Not liver related. Simple a freckle resulting from sun exposure
79
Precancerous skin condition that presents as thick scaly patches of skin
Actinic keratosis
80
Actinic keratosis
Precancerous skin condition that presents as thick scaly patches of skin
81
90% of all skin cancers, is slow growing and treatable if found early.
Basal cell carcinoma
82
Frequently develops from sun damaged areas
Squamous cell carcinoma
83
Cancer derived from melanocytes. Hard to treat once metastasized.
Malignant melanoma
84
Malignant melanoma
Cancer derived from melanocytes. Hard to treat once metastasized.
85
Immune mediated genetic disease producing red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia. Often associated with joint problems.
Psoriasis (joint problems = psoriatic arthritis)

HISTO - Exam 2 (6 decks)

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