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HISTO - Exam 2 > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

State the layers of tunics present in large blood vessels from interior to exterior.

A

intima, media, adventitia

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2
Q

Define vasa vasorum

A

smaller vessels branching through the adventitia and outer part of media of large vessels. NOTE: veins have more than vasa vasorum.

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3
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Endothelium + underlying sub endothelial connective tissue (+ elastic lamina in larger vessels)

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4
Q

Tunica media

A

Smooth muscle (primary component) + external elastic lamina - where present

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5
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue (dense irregular CT with small amounts of elastic fibers)

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6
Q

State the classes of arteries.

A

Large (elastic), medium (muscular), and small (arterioles)

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7
Q

Describe the external and internal elastic lamina of elastic vessels.

A

Internal is incomplete, there is no distinct external elastic lamina

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8
Q

What type of nerve innervate muscular arteries?

A

Postganglionicsympathetic

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9
Q

Describe the external and internal elastic lamina of muscular arteries.

A

Internal is well developed, thick external elastic lamina at edge of tunica media

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10
Q

Diameter of arterioles

A

Less than 0.5 mm

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11
Q

Describe the internal elastic lamina of arterioles

A

It may or may not be present

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12
Q

Smooth muscle layers in arteriole media

A

1 - 3

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13
Q

What can pericytes differentiate into?

A

Fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

Describe a continuous (somatic) capillary.

A

Continuous endothelium and basal lamina. No fenestrae.

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15
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

Muscle, connective tissue, CNS, exocrine pancreas, gonads

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16
Q

Describe the basal lamina and endothelium of fenestrated (visceral) capillaries.

A

Basal lamina: continuous

Endothelium: attenuated large 60-80nm fenestrae with thin 4-6 nm diaphragms

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17
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located?

A

Mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal, kidney, choroid plexus, ciliary body

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18
Q

How are fenestrated endothelium in the glomerular capillaries unique?

A

No diaphragms

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19
Q

Where are discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries found?

A

Liver and hemopoietic organs (bone, marrow, spleen)

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20
Q

Type of capillary with an incomplete basal lamina and large gaps between cells

A

Discontinuous

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21
Q

Do muscular venules have pericytes?

A

No.

22
Q

Do postcapillary venules have pericytes?

A

Yes.

23
Q

What size of veins have valves? What is the basic structure of these valves?

A

small - medium

paired, semilunar folds of the intima

24
Q

What is the purpose the specialized tunica media with sphincter at arteriovenous anastomoses? What happens when it is open/closed?

A

Control flow of blood through capillary bed
Closed shunt: arterial blood flows through capillary bed
Open shun: blood bypasses capillary bed

25
Q

What is the role of a precapillary sphincter?

A

Controls amount of blood flowing through microvascular beds.

26
Q

Lacteals

A

Important round of fat absorption in the intestine

27
Q

What site does lymph flow towards?

A

Veinous angles at base of neck.

28
Q

Do lymphatic vessels have a basal lamina?

A

No.

29
Q

What CT layer of skeletal muscle possesses lymphatics?

A

Perimysium (only one to have it)

30
Q

Smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows angioplasty procedure

A

Restenosis

31
Q

Ballooning of an artery due to weakness

A

Aneurysm

32
Q

Tortuous, dilated veins primarily in legs - result of fascial and valve failure.

A

Varicose veins

33
Q

Disease states associated with aneurysm

A

Atherosclerosis, syphilis, connective tissue disorders (Ehlers-Danos, Marfan’s syndrome)

34
Q

What is prostacyclin produced from? What cells produces prostacyclin?

A

Arachidonic acid

Endothelial cells produce

35
Q

What is the physiological role of prostacyclin?

A

Inhibits platelet adhesion and clot formation

36
Q

What is the physiological role of nitric oxide?

A

Causes smooth muscle in the tunica media to relax = vasodilation

37
Q

What is the physiological role of endothelin-1?

A

Vasoconstrictor

38
Q

Describe the general regulation of inflammation mediated by macrophages.

A

Macrophages secrete TNF-alpha, IL-1 > expression of E-selectin induced > Neutrophils bind to selectins and extravasate through endothelium

39
Q

State the tunics of the heart (inner to outer)

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

40
Q

What heart layer contains Purkinje fibers?

A

Subendocardial CT of endocardium

41
Q

What are the layers of the myocardium? What are their courses?

A

Superficial: Spiral course around ventricle
Deep: circular course

42
Q

What tissue types form the epicardium?

A

Mesothelium (outer layer) and loose CT with adipose (under mesothelium)

43
Q

Fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, av canals.

A

Annuli fibrosi

44
Q

Fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals

A

Trigona fibrosa

45
Q

What tissue type makes up the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Dense irregular CT

46
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

47
Q

What cell type produces Purkinje fibers?

A

Modified muscle cells (filled with glycogen)

48
Q

What cells produce polypeptide hormones?

A

Atrial cardiac muscle cells and some cells in the interventricular septum

49
Q

What are the four hormones made by the ANP gene?

A

Long acting natriuretic (sodium) peptide
Vessel dilator
Kaliuretic
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

50
Q

What causes the release of ANP? What is the effect of ANP?

A

Released in response to high BP. Increases sodium and H20 secretion from kidney.

HISTO - Exam 2 (6 decks)

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